Sewage treatment, a general surveyVarious arrangements are possible; the choice of treatment is determinedby the required degree of pollutant reduction. Figure 22.3 shows fourpossible systems. When planning a new plant, contact the local authorietiesat an early stage fore a discussion about effluent treatment and sewageBOD levels.Sewage treatment, in its original form, consisted simply in removing thebulk of solid impurities by mechanical sedimentation (A). When thistreatment was judged to be insufficient, it was supplemented with biologicaltreatment (B) to decompose the organic compounds.Many sewage treatment plants were later extended with a third stage forchemical treatment (C) when emission of phosphorus became a seriousproblem. The process in plants of this type is called post-precipitationbecause the chemical precipitation step comes last.Later experience has, however, proved that it is possible to obtain thesame result if chemical precipitation is combined with mechanical treatmentin the first step. This system is called pre-precipitation (see Figure 22.3.2).This arrangement also represents a major rationalisation of the process,as most of the sewage treatment is done in one step. The phosphoruscontent is already reduced by 90 % and the BOD by 75 % in the pre-sedimentation basins. As a result, the biological stage has a much lighterload to deal with and requires less basin volume and energy input.Figure 22.4 shows a typical sewage plant layout with pre-precipitation
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