1 Describe the steps in the communicationprocess.
The communication process involves four basic elements, all of which are subject to interference, or
noise.
The process begins with a sender encoding a
message and then transmitting it over a channel to a
receiver, who decodes it. Feedback from receiver to
sender is essential. In successful communication, the
receiver decodes the message, understands it, and
then acts on it.
2 Recognize the major types of nonverbal com-munication in the workplace.
Six major modes of transmitting nonverbal messages
are hand and body gestures; facial expressions and
movements; posture; body placement; voice quality;
and clothing, dress, and appearance. Nonverbal
communication has been applied to help screen airline passengers as security risks.
3 Explain and illustrate the difference betweenformal and informal communication channels.
Formal channels follow the organization chart. Formal channels include media such as intranets, e-mail,
videoconferences, Web conferences, physical meetings, and the company blog. Social media Web sites
such as Facebook can be used as a formal channel.
Web conferences are particularly useful when employees are geographically dispersed. Management by
walking around can be considered both a formal and
an informal communication channel.
Informal channels are the unofficial networks of
communication that supplement the formal pathways. Leaders often use informal networks to accomplish goals. Informal networks, or communities of
practice, can help attain important organizational
goals. Chance encounters with employees are useful
for communication. The grapevine is the major informal communication pathway; it often transmits
rumors. Management can take steps to neutralize negative rumors by enhancing formal channels. Messages
are transmitted in four directions: upward, downward, sideways, and diagonally. Upward communication program and policies include the open-door
policy and town hall meetings.
An important output of both formal and informal communication channels is the transmission of
information to other workers to advance knowledge
and learning throughout the organization. The
learning organization creates and transfers knowledge, and knowledge management leverages knowledge to generate business value.
4 Identify major communication barriers inorganizations.
Barriers exist at every step in the communication
process. Among them are (1) low motivation and
interest, (2) inappropriate language, (3) defensive
communication, (4) insufficient nonverbal communication, (5) information overload, (6) poor communication skills, and (7) electronic communication
problems.
5 Develop tactics for overcoming communicationbarriers.
To overcome communication barriers, you must
(1) understand the receiver, (2) communicate assertively and directly, (3) use two-way communication
and ask for clarification, (4) elicit verbal and nonverbal feedback, (5) enhance listening skills, (6) unite
with a common vocabulary, (7) be sensitive to cultural differences, and (8) engage in metacommunication (communicate about the communications).
6 Describe how to conduct more effectivemeetings.
6 Describe how to conduct more effectivemeetings.
To imrove communciat ion effective e s s a n d t h e
d e c i s i o n - m ak i n g q u a l i t y o f m e e t i n g s, f o l l o w t h e s e
s u g g e s t i o n s : ( 1 ) m e e t o n l y f o r v a l i d r e a s o n s ;
( 2 ) s t a r t a n d s t o p o n t i m e , a n d o f f e r r e f r e s h m e n t s ,
( 3 ) k e e p c o m m e n t s b r i e f a n d t o t h e p o i n t ; ( 4 ) a v o i d
e l e c t r o n i c d i s t r a c t i o n s , ( 5 ) c a p i t a l i z e o n t e c h n o l o g y
w h e n a p p r o p r i a t e , ( 6 ) e n c o u r a g e c r i t i c a l f e e d b a c k
a n d c o m m en t ar y , ( 7 ) s t r i v e f o r w i d e p ar t i c i p a t i o n ;
( 8 ) s o l v e s m a l l i s s u e s a h e a d o f t i me w i t h e- m a i l ;
( 9 ) c o n s i d e r “ h u d d l i n g” w h e n q u i c k a c t i o n i s
n e e d e d ; a n d ( 1 0 ) e n s u r e t h a t f o l l o w - u p a c t i o n i s
a s s i g n e d a n d r e c o r d e d .
7 Describe how organizational (or office) politicsaffects interpersonal communication.
Politics is related to communication because so
much interpersonal communication in organizations
is politically motivated. Relatively ethical political
tactics include (a) developing power contacts,
(b) being courteous, pleasant, and positive, (c) creating a positive image, (d) asking satisfied customers
to contact your boss, (e) being politically correct,
and (f) sending thank-you notes to people when
a
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