SURVEILLANCE OF SPORADIC LISTERIOSISAlthough we have learned much about the epidemiology of listeriosis through outbreak investigation, timely, effective surveillance of listeriosis is critical to the overall goals of control and prevention of this disease. Reliable surveillance data are critical in estimating the burden of listeriosis, determining disease trends, guiding development of targeted intervention strategies, providing a framework for their assessment, and developing risk assessment models used to guide regulatory actions. Furthermore, determining the expected incidence of sporadic listeriosis in a population through surveillance is critical for efficient outbreak detection and response, as both local and diffuse outbreaks are often detected by an increase of cases over the baseline rate.Prior to the mid-1980s, when the Los Angeles County outbreak solidified the public health significance of foodborne listeriosis, the incidence of sporadic human disease in the United States was poorly understood. Listeriosis was monitored exclusively by passive surveillance, which relies
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