Bandwidth is a limited, and therefore valuable, resource. This is because all physical transmission lines have characteristics which make them suitable for signalling only over a finite band of frequencies. (The problem of constrained bandwidth is especially severe for the local loop which connects an individual subscriber to their national telephone network.) Bandwidth (or more strictly spectrum) is even limited in the case of radio communications since the transmission properties of the earth’s atmosphere are highly variable as function of frequency (see Chapter 14). Furthermore, co-channel (same frequency) radio transmissions are difficult to confine spatially and tend to interfere with each other, even when such systems are widely spaced geographically.A given installation of transmission lines (wire-pairs, coaxial cables, optical fibres, microwave links and others) therefore represents a finite spectral resource and since adding to this installation (by laying new cables, for instance) is expensive, there is great advantage to be gained in using the existing installation efficiently. This is the real incentive to develop spectrally efficient (i.e. reduced bandwidth) signalling techniques for encoding speech signals.
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