Technique1. Not a commonly performed procedure; largely replaced by cross-sectional imaging (e.g., CT, MRI), which provides superior anatomic detail.2. Make and evaluate survey radiographs of nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal region.3. General anesthesia and intubation are required.4. Contrast medium:a. Iodinated contrast media (240-300mgl/mL).b. Barium (20%-30% w/v).c. Dose: 1 mL/5 kg body weight.5. Double exposure technique over survey radiographs.6. Warm contrast medium prior to administration.7. Position animal with side of interest down (dependent).8. Infuse contrast medium into ventral nasal meatus.9. Elevate nose approximately 15° to encourage caudal flow of contrast medium.10. Make lateral and open-mouth VD radiographs of the head, centered on nasal passages and nasopharyngeal regions.
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