Biomass types, properties, and recalcitrance Different types of biomass, such as woody plants, herbaceous plants, grasses, aquatic plants, agricultural crops and residues, municipal solid waste and manures, contain different amounts ofcellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives (Chandra et al. 2007).Generally plant biomass contain 40–50% cellulose (with exception to a few plants, such as cotton and hemp bast-fibre that are made up of ≈80% cellulose), 20–40% hemicellulose, 20–30% lignin by weight (Chandra et al. 2007; Mckendry 2002). Biomass recalcitrance to bioprocessing is directly related to the inherent properties of the biomass source. Properties such as lignin content, cellulose accessibility to cellulase (CAC), and cellulose crystallinity (CC) determine the overall digestibility of the biomass.
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