Fish enzymes can be used in the process of preparation of fish bone hydrolysate. The removal of remaining muscle parts in fi sh can be done by the use of fish enzymes to clean the fi sh bones for further processing. However, the removal of muscle proteins by fi sh enzymes may not be ffective compared to commercial or microbial enzymes. This could be due to the enzyme inhibitors present in the sarcoplasmic fraction of cod muscle (Gildberg et al. 2002). The separation of fish bones using mackerel intestine crude enzyme has also been reported by Kim et al. ( 2003). These researchers were able to obtain approximately 90 % bone recovery from hoki ( Johnius belengerii) after 6 h of extraction using crude enzymes of mackerel at optimum conditions of pH 9.0 and 40 °C. In this experiment, mackerel intestine crude enzyme yielded a higher rate of recovery compared to other commercial enzymes, such as subtilisin, trypsin, α-, and chymotrypsin (Kim et al. 2003). The cleaned and separated fish bones using fish enzymes can further be hydrolyzed using fish enzymes to produce hydrolyzed fractions with functional properties. For
example, Jung et al. ( 2005) reported that heterogeneous enzyme extracted from the intestines of a carnivorous fish, bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus), could degrade the hoki ( Johnius elengerii) bone. They suggest that fi sh bone oligophosphopeptide prepared by the enzymatic degradation of bones could be utilized as a nutraceutical with a potential calcium-binding activity, which inhibits the formation of insoluble calcium phosphate, thus increasing the bioavailability of calcium extracted from fi sh bone (Jung et al. 2005).
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