North Sumatra is a province in the Indonesian archipelago. Its tropical rain forest has a rich natural biodiversity to which traditional swidden agriculture has contributed a rich agro-biodiversity. However, this richness is steadily being replaced by the monocultures of oil palm and subsidary crops such as cacao, rubber, tea, tobacco and sugar cane on the large governmental plantations (3,359,719 ha.), private estates (498,988 ha.) and smallholder properties (770,408 ha.). On a considerable part of the total land area (7,168,068 ha) the rich biodiversity is being constantly eroded.
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