Conclusions
From an analytical point of view all of the three ideal-typical modes of governance and related perspectives on managing implementation developed in this chapter are of equal value. Given the general normative principles referred to, the appropriate application of these mode of governance/mode of action combinations depends on the specific configuration of factors in the multiple contexts in which practitioners of public administration have to act.
This being so, it is obvious that realworld policy processes run across the columns of the presented analytical constructions in a variety of ways. Then, whilst congruent and non-congruent alternatives will be evident, incongruity will come in many forms and will, from case to case, cause greater or lesser problems. Choices, inasmuch as they are available, will be about minimizing incongruities rather than about mapping out an ideal implementation process that simply imitates top-down prescrip- tions regardless of context. Essentially, the plea for contextualization made here implies recognizing alternative modes of governance.
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