The presence of clay minerals in a fine-grained soil will allow it to be remolded in the presence of some moisture without crumbling. If a clay slurry is dried, the moisture content will gradually decrease, and the slurry will pass from a liquid state to a plastic state. With further drying, it will change to a semisolid state and finally to a solid state, as shown in Figure 1.21. In 1911, A. Atterberg, a Swedish scientist, developed a method for describing the limit consistency of fine-grained soils on the basis of moisture content. These limits are the liquid limit, the plastic limit, and the shrinkage limit.
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