Moreover, it is likely that in individual
villages both types of poverty will co-exist. In
the context of Laos, I have argued that there
are households who are poor because of their
separation from the market and the facilities
of the state (old poverty), and households
who are poor because they have been drawn
into the modernization process on highly unfavorable
terms: ‘‘In the new rural world beginning
to emerge in Laos some of the land poor
and landless have managed to escape poverty
through creative engagement with non-farm
activities’’ (Rigg, 2005b
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