17.21.1 Protection Against Loss of Utility Supply
If the normal power infeed to a distribution system, or to the part of it containing embedded generation is lost, the effects may be as follows:
a. embedded generation may be overloaded, leading to generator undervoltage/ underfrequency
b. embedded generation may be underloaded, leading to overvoltage/overfrequency
c. little change to the absolute levels of voltage or frequency if there is little resulting change to the load flow through the PCC
The first two effects are covered by conventional voltage and frequency protection. However, if condition (c) occurs, conventional protection may not detect the loss of Utility supply condition or it may be too slow to do so within the shortest possible auto-reclose dead-times that may be applied in association with Utility overhead line protection. Detection of condition (c) must be achieved if the requirements of the Utility are to be met. Many possible methods have been suggested, but the one most often used is the Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) relay. Its application is based on the fact that the rate of change of small changes in absolute frequency, in response to inevitable small load changes, will be faster with the generation isolated than when the generation is in parallel with the public, interconnected power system. However, problems with nuisance tripping in response to national power system events, where the system is subject to significant frequency excursions following the loss of a large generator or a major power interconnector, have occurred.
nventional protection functions
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