For example, there is substantialempirical research showing that individual differences in personality traits play importantroles in predicting and explaining employeemotivation and behavior (see Barrick & Mount,1991; Hogan & Holland, 2003; Judge & Ilies, 2002;Salgado, 1997). Similarly, numerous studieshave shown that differences in characteristics ofthe work situation, such as the redesign of workthrough job enrichment (e.g., Hackman & Oldham, 1975; Humphrey, Nahrang, & Morgeson,2007; Turner & Lawrence, 1965), play an important role in impacting employee motivation andbehavior at work. In fact, it is difficult to think ofan instance of employee behavior that cannotbe better understood by considering the jointinfluence of these two sets of factors (Barrick,Mount, & Judge, 2001; Gustafson & Mumford,1995). Nonetheless, it is surprising that most research in the field has examined the effects ofdispositions and task or social characteristicson employee motivation and behavior separately or has given one or the other only cursorytreatment. Consequently, very little researchhas systematically examined the joint and interactive effects of these two sets of motivationalinfluences.
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