Biomimetic nanostructured surgical materialsLiving organisms have evolved over millions of years toacquire skills to adapt to the environmental conditions andto enhance their survival chance among other creatures.Nature is filled with examples such as mussels, lizards, andinsects that rely on efficient adhesion to wet or dry surfaces for survival [134]. These natural models have beeninspiring scientists to develop new materials and strategiesto fabricate more effective tissue adhesives. In the previous sections, we discussed some of the naturally inspiredmaterials such as mussel protein adhesives and DOPA-basedglues. In this section, we will focus on the strategies thatutilize biomimetic nanotopography to enhance the adhesion force between the engineered tissue adhesives and thesurrounding tissues.The reversible adhesion of gecko lizards to dry andrough surfaces has fascinated scientists to understand thisadhesion mechanism and then adopt a similar strategy todesign dry adhesives [135,136]. Gecko’s soles contain arraysof microscale fibers (setae) which in turn are split intomushroom-tipped nanoscale fibrils (spatula) to form a hierarchical structure (Figure 4) [137]. A combination of vander Waals and capillary forces at the contact area betweenspatula and surface creates strong reversible adhesion (up to10 N/cm2) [138]. To mimic these structures, micro and nanotechnologies have been utilized over the past few yearsto create highly adherent surfaces [139]. Creating a geckoinspired topography requires a combination of the followingcharacteristics: (i) high aspect ratio structures (AR > 10); (ii)slanted features to create anisotropic adhesion; (iii) structures with spatulate head; and (iv) hierarchical structures.In addition, the employed materials should be flexible toallow an increased contact area between the adhesive patchand rough surfaces.Murphy et al. also fabricated a hierarchical topography on the surface of a PU patch with an elastic modulusof 3 MPa [140]. The PU surface was covered with slantedmushroom head tipped microposts with 35 !m tip diameter and 100 !m long (Figure 5 A—C). Their results indicatedhighly anisotropic behavior for posts with slanted tips. Theydemonstrated that 1 cm2 of the patch could hold 1 kg weight(∼10 N/cm2) in the gripping direction (Figure 5D) [140].In another study, the same group fabricated a PU patchwith microscale slanted posts (600 !m tip diameter and1.2 mm long) where their tips were covered by smallerposts (112 !m tip diameter and 100 !m long) [141]. Theycompared the adhesion force of patches containing doublelevel topography with the values for patches with and without single level posts (Figure 5E). Their results suggestedthat the hierarchical structure increased the adhesionforce by almost six folds [141]. In another study, Jeonget al. fabricated poly(urethane acrylate) (PUA) nanoscalefibrils through replica molding with mushroom-like tips
[142]. Due to the formation of nanosized topography, they
achieved a shear adhesion of 25 N/cm2, which was 10 times
higher than those reported by Murphy et al. Jeong et al.
also combined molding and surface wrinkling to create
stretchable and reversibly adhesive surfaces. They created poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheets covered with
posts through molding and then covered the tips with UV
crosslinkable PUA. They could achieve adhesion strength of
∼11 N/cm2 which was reversible and remained almost constant over 100 cycles of attachment and detachment [24].
The major difference between the operation of wet
adhesives and the dry adhesives discussed above is the wet
tissue environment in which gecko-inspired surfaces cannot adhere. In addition, tissue adhesives are meant to be
long lasting and have irreversible adhesion to the tissues.
Lee et al. developed the first gecko-inspired wet and dry
adhesives in which the surface of fibrous topography was
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
