Weight Bias among Health Professionals
Specializing in Obesity
Marlene B. Schwartz,* Heather O’Neal Chambliss,† Kelly D. Brownell,* Steven N. Blair,† and
Charles Billington‡
Abstract
SCHWARTZ, MARLENE B., HEATHER O’NEAL
CHAMBLISS, KELLY D. BROWNELL, STEVEN N.
BLAIR, AND CHARLES BILLINGTON. Weight bias
among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obes
Res. 2003;11:1033–1039.
Purpose: To determine the level of anti-fat bias in health
professionals specializing in obesity and identify personal
characteristics that correlate with both implicit and explicit
bias.
Research Methods and Procedures: The Implicit Associations
Test (IAT) and a self-report questionnaire assessing
explicit attitudes, personal experiences with obesity, and
demographic characteristics was administered to clinicians
and researchers attending the opening session of an international
obesity conference (N 389). The IAT was used
to assess overall implicit weight bias (associating “obese
people” and “thin people” with “good” vs. “bad”) and three
ranges of stereotypes: lazy-motivated, smart-stupid, and
valuable-worthless. The questionnaire assessed explicit bias
on the same dimensions, along with personal and professional
experiences with obesity.
Results: Health professionals exhibited a significant prothin,
anti-fat implicit bias on the IAT. In addition, the
subjects significantly endorsed the implicit stereotypes of
lazy, stupid, and worthless using the IAT. Level of bias was
associated with several personal characteristics. Characteristics
significantly predictive of lower levels of implicit
anti-fat bias include being male, older, having a positive
emotional outlook on life, weighing more, having friends
who are obese, and indicating an understanding of the
experience of obesity.
Discussion: Even professionals whose careers emphasize
research or the clinical management of obesity show very
strong weight bias, indicating pervasive and powerful
stigma. Understanding the extent of anti-fat bias and the
personal characteristics associated with it will aid in developing
intervention strategies to ameliorate these damaging
attitudes.
Key words: stigma, discrimination, implicit attitudes
Introduction
Modern culture idealizes thinness and disparages obesity
(1). Weight bias and discrimination have been documented
in various areas of society, including employment practices,
salary and promotion decisions, education and housing opportunities,
and portrayal of obese persons in popular media
(2,3).
Weight bias in medical care settings and among health
professionals is a major concern. The relationship of obesity
with higher medical use and health care costs (4,5) is
obviously influenced by the pathophysiology of obesity but
may also result from a vicious cycle: obese patients may be
reluctant to seek health care because of weight bias, which
prevents early detection, and, thus, increases the likelihood
of medical problems and health care costs.
Most stigma research relies on questionnaires that require
individuals to report personal beliefs or assign attributes to
obese individuals. This information is useful but is subject
to response bias from social desirability. One measure designed
to minimize response bias is the Implicit Associations
Test (IAT),1 a timed measure of automatic associations
of a target construct with particular attributes (6,7).
Unlike self-report questionnaires, the IAT is designed to
assess associations that exist beyond conscious evaluation
Received for review September 18, 2002.
Accepted in final form July 15, 2003.
*Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; †Cooper Institute,
Dallas, Texas; and ‡Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
Address correspondence to Marlene B. Schwartz, Department of Psychology, Yale University,
PO Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205.
E-mail: Marlene.Schwartz@yale.edu
Copyright © 2003 NAASO 1 Nonstandard abbreviation: IAT, Implicit Associations Test.
OBESITY RESEARCH Vol. 11 No. 9 September 2003 1033and thus provides a unique measure of automatic biases of
which people may be unaware or unwilling to report. This
measure has been used to assess attributes associated with
many characteristics, including age, race, gender, and
weight (8–11).
Previous research has demonstrated implicit negative associations
toward overweight individuals among health professionals.
Teachman and Brownell (10) administered the
IAT to health professionals who treat obesity and found
strong implicit negative attitudes and stereotypes: “obese
people” was strongly associated with “bad” vs. “good” and
“lazy” vs. “motivated.” The strength of the association
seemed to be weaker than previously observed in the general
population, suggesting that obesity specialists may have
their bias tempered but certainly not eliminated.
The current study was designed to evaluate weight bias in
a large sample of professionals engaged in research and/or
clinical management of obesity. This research expands on
earlier work by testing multiple stereotypes about obese
people, including good-bad, motivated-lazy, smart-stupid,
and valuable-worthless. These stereotypes were chosen because
they capture some of the most common anti-fat beliefs
identified in a review of the literature on explicit bias
and discrimination (2). We hypothesized that a significant
implicit bias would be found for all of these stereotypes. In
addition, we conducted exploratory analyses to examine the
influence of individual difference variables on implicit and
explicit bias to understand more completely the personal
characteristics associated with different levels of bias.
Research Methods and Procedures
Participants
Subjects (N 389) were researchers and health professionals
attending the opening session of a large scientific
conference for the study of obesity, the Annual Meeting of
the North American Association for the Study of Obesity,
held in Quebec City in 2001. The sample includes 198
women and 191 men. The majority of subjects (89%) hold
a graduate or professional degree. Nearly all of the subjects
do obesity-related research (64%), work directly with obese
patients (9%), or both (24%). The professions represented
were physicians (n 122), researchers working with humans
(n 80), researchers working with animals (n 54),
dietitians (n 31), business people (n 28), pharmacologists
(n 15), epidemiologists (n 14), psychologists
(n 12), nurses (n 5), other obesity clinicians (n 18),
and others (n 10).
Materials
IAT. The IAT is a widely used measure designed to assess
implicit attitudes (6). There is evidence that IAT scores are
valid indicators of implicit attitudes (9). Experimental research
has found that IAT scores can predict prejudiced
behavior toward target groups (12,13). This study used the
paper and pencil version of the IAT, which is based on the
computerized version that measures reaction time. This IAT
has been used in previous research to assess implicit anti-fat
bias among health professionals and the general population
(10,11).
The IAT is a timed word classification task (Figure 1).
Subjects are given a list of words that fit into one of four
categories. In the practice task, the randomly ordered list of
words includes: daisy, tulip, daffodil, bugs, roach, mosquito,
nasty, terrible, horrible, excellent, joyful, and wonderful.
These words belong to one of four categories: flowers,
insects, good, or bad. On the first sheet, the categories
are paired, with two on one side (e.g., flowers and good) and
two on the other side (e.g., insects and bad). To classify the
word, the individual makes a checkmark on either the left or
right side of the word. On the next sheet, the pairings are
switched, so the categories are “flowers and bad” on one
side and “insects and good” on the other side.
People generally find is much easier to categorize the
words quickly when the pairing of the categories matches
their attitude (i.e., flowers is paired with good and insects is
paired with bad) than when they are mismatched (i.e.,
flowers is paired with bad and insects is paired with good).
When the task is easier, people are able to get farther down
the list in 20 seconds and correctly categorize more words,
resulting in a higher score. In this case, people were expected
to classify more words when fat people was paired
with negative characteristics (e.g., slow, lazy, sluggish) and
thin people was paired with positive characteristics (e.g.,
determined, motivated, eager) as shown in Figure 1. The
IAT is scored by subtracting the number of words correctly
classified in the mismatched task (i.e., when fat people is
paired with positive attributes) from the number of words
correctly classified in the matched task (i.e., when fat people
is paired with negative attributes). The difference score
indicates the strength of the individual’s implicit associations,
with a higher score indicating a stronger association
between fat people and negative traits than between fat
people and positive traits.
After the practice task, participants performed the word
classification tasks with the categories thin people, fat people,
good, and bad. Each person did the task two times: once
with thin people paired with good and fat people paired with
bad and again with thin people paired with bad and fat
people paired with good. Next, each subject completed one
of three different versions of the IAT to assess the strength
of the association between fat and thin people and the
following stereotypes: lazy-motivated, stupid-smart, and
worthless-valuable. Categories and words for each task are
provided in Table 1. The order of the IAT measures was
counterbalanced.
Weight Bias, Schwartz et al.
1034 OBESITY RESEARCH Vol. 11 No. 9 September 2003Explicit Bias Scale. To assess explicit attitudes, participants
rated their feelings about “fat people” and “thin people”
as bad vs. good on a seven-point se
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