Several vehicle manufacturers such as Audi, Mitsubishi, Mercedes,
BMW, Toyota/Lexus, Mazda, Ford, and General Motors are using
gasoline direct injection (GDI) systems, which General Motors refers to as a Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) system. A directinjection system sprays high-pressure fuel, up to 2,900 PSI, into the
combustion chamber as the piston approaches the top of the compression stroke. With the combination of high-pressure swirl injectors
and modified combustion chamber, almost instantaneous vaporization of the fuel occurs. This combined with a higher compression ratio
allows a direct-injected engine to operate using a leaner-than-normal
air fuel ratio, which results in improved fuel economy with higher
power output and reduced exhaust emissions. b SEE FIGURE 79 1 .
ADVANTAGES OF GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION The
use of direct injection compared with port fuel-injection has many
advantages including:
{
Improved fuel economy due to reduced pumping losses and
heat loss
{
Allows a higher compression ratio for higher engine efficiency
{
Allows the use of lower-octane gasoline
{
The volumetric efficiency is higher
{
Less need for extra fuel for acceleration
{
Improved cold starting and throttle response
{
Allows the use of higher percentage of EGR to reduce exhaust emissions
{
Up to 25% improvement in fuel economy
{
12% to 15% reduction in exhaust emissions
DISADVANTAGES OF GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION
{
Higher cost due to high-pressure pump and injectors
{
More components compared with port fuel-injection
{
Due to the high compression, a NO
X
storage catalyst is
sometimes required to meet emission standards, especially
in Europe ( b SEE FIGURE 79 2 ).
DIRECT FUEL INJECTION
FIGURE 79 1 A gasoline direct-injection system injects fuel
under high pressure directly into the combustion chamber.
{
Uses up to six operating modes depending on engine load
and speed, which requires more calculations to be performed
by the powertrain control module (PCM).
LOW-PRESSURE SUPPLY PUMP The fuel pump in the fuel
tank supplies fuel to the high-pressure fuel pump at a pressure of
approximately 60 PSI. The fuel filter is located in the fuel tank and
is part of the fuel pump assembly. It is not usually serviceable as
a separate component. The engine control module (ECM) controls
the output of the high-pressure pump, which has a range between
500 PSI (3,440 kPa) and 2,900 PSI (15,200 kPa) during engine operation. b SEE FIGURE 79 3 .
DIRECT-INJECTION FUEL
DELIVERY SYSTEM
M19_HALD2616_04_SE_C075.indd 887 3/15/11 5:50 PM888 CHAPTER 79
UPSTREAM
OXYGEN SENSOR
DOWNSTREAM
OXYGEN SENSOR
NOX - CATALYST
PRE-CATALYST TEMPERATURE SENSOR
FIGURE 79 2 An engine equipped with a gasoline direct injection (GDI) sometimes requires a NO
X
catalyst to meet exhaust
emission standards.
COMMON
RAIL
INJECTOR
PRESSURE
REGULATOR
FUEL TANK
LOW-PRESSURE
FUEL PUMP
HIGH-PRESSURE
FUEL PUMP
THE HIGH PRESSURE PUMP
DRIVE LOBE IS LOCATED
ON THE ENGINE CAMSHAFT
FIGURE 79 3 A typical direct-injection system uses two pumps one low-pressure electric pump in the fuel tank and the other a
high-pressure pump driven by the camshaft. The high pressure fuel system operates at a pressure as low as 500 PSI during light load
conditions and as high as 2,900 PSI under heavy loads.
HIGH-PRESSURE PUMP In a General Motors system, the
engine control module (ECM) controls the output of the high- pressure
pump, which has a range between 500 PSI (3,440 kPa) and 2,900 PSI
(15,200 kPa) during engine operation. The high-pressure fuel pump
connects to the pump in the fuel tank through the low-pressure fuel
line. The pump consists of a single-barrel piston pump, which is
driven by the engine camshaft. The pump plunger rides on a threelobed cam on the camshaft. The high-pressure pump is cooled and
lubricated by the fuel itself. b SEE FIGURE 79 4 .
FUEL RAIL The fuel rail stores the fuel from the high-pressure
pump and stores high pressure fuel for use to each injector. All injectors get the same pressure fuel from the fuel rail.
FUEL PRESSURE REGULATOR An electric pressure-control
valve is installed between the pump inlet and outlet valves. The fuel
rail pressure sensor connects to the PCM with three wires:
{
5-volt reference
{
ground
{
signal
The sensor signal provides an analog signal to the PCM that varies in voltage as fuel rail pressure changes. Low pressure results in a
low-voltage signal and high pressure results in a high-voltage signal.
The PCM uses internal drivers to control the power feed and
ground for the pressure control valve. When both PCM drivers are
deactivated, the inlet valve is held open by spring pressure. This
M19_HALD2616_04_SE_C075.indd 888 3/15/11 5:50 PMGASOLINE DIRECT-INJECTION SYSTEMS 889
PISTON CAMSHAFT
SPRING
PRESSURE
REGULATOR
CHECK
BALL
FIGURE 79 4 A typical camshaft-driven high-pressure pump
used to increase fuel pressure to 2,000 PSI or higher.
HIGH-PRESSURE
FUEL PUMP
FUEL PRESSURE
SENSOR
ELECTRIC PRESSURE
CONTROL VALVE FUEL
INJECTOR
FUEL RAIL
FIGURE 79 5 A gasoline direct-injection (GDI) fuel rail and pump
assembly with the electric pressure control valve.
CHART 79 1
A comparison chart showing the major differences between a port
fuel-injection system and a gasoline direct-injection system.
PORT FUEL-INJECTION SYSTEM
COMPARED WITH GDI SYSTEM
PORT FUELINJECTION
GASOLINE DIRECT
INJECTION
Fuel pressure 35 to 60 PSI Lift pump 50 to 60 PSI
High-pressure pump
500 to 2,900 PSI
Injection pulse
width at idle
1.5 to 3.5 ms About 0.4 ms (400 s)
Injector
resistance
12 to 16 ohms 1 to 3 ohms
Injector
voltage
6 V for low-
resistance
injectors, 12 V
for most injectors
50 to 90 V
Number
of injections
per event
One 1 to 3
Engine
compression
ratio
8:1 to 11:1 11:1 to 13:1
Each high-pressure fuel injector assembly is an electrically magnetic
injector mounted in the cylinder head. In the GDI system, the PCM
controls each fuel injector with 50 to 90 volts (usually 60 70 volts),
depending on the system, which is created by a boost capacitor
in the PCM. During the high-voltage boost phase, the capacitor is
discharged through an injector, allowing for initial injector opening.
The injector is then held open with 12 volts. The high-pressure fuel
injector has a small slit or six precision-machined holes that generate the desired spray pattern. The injector also has an extended tip
to allow for cooling from a water jacket in the cylinder head.
b SEE CHART 79 1 for an overview of the differences between a port fuel-injection system and a gasoline direct-injection
system.
GASOLINE DIRECT-INJECTION
FUEL INJECTORS
causes the high pressure fuel pump to default to low-pressure mode.
The fuel from the high-pressure fuel pump flows through a line to the
fuel rail and injectors. The actual operating pressure can vary from
as low as 900 PSI (6,200 kPa) at idle to over 2,000 PSI (13,800 kPa)
during high speed or heavy load conditions. b SEE FIGURE 79 5 .
The two basic modes of operation include:
1. Stratified mode. In this mode of operation, the air fuel mixture
is richer around the spark plug than it is in the rest of the cylinder.
2. Homogeneous mode. In this mode of operation, the air fuel
mixture is the same throughout the cylinder.
There are variations of these modes that can be used to finetune the air fuel mixture inside the cylinder. For example, Bosch, a
supplier to many vehicle manufacturers, uses six modes of operation including:
{
Homogeneous mode. In this mode, the injector is pulsed
one time to create an even air fuel mixture in the cylinder. The
injection occurs during the intake stroke. This mode is used
during high-speed and/or high-torque conditions.
{
Homogeneous lean mode. Similar to the homogeneous
mode except that the overall air fuel mixture is slightly lean
for better fuel economy. The injection occurs during the intake
stroke. This mode is used under steady, light-load conditions.
{
Stratified mode. In this mode of operation, the injection occurs just before the spark occurs resulting in lean combustion, reducing fuel consumption.
{
Homogeneous stratified mode. In this mode, there are two
injections of fuel:
{
The first injection is during the intake stroke.
{
The second injection is during the compression stroke.
As a result of these double injections, the rich air fuel mixture
around the spark plug is ignited first. Then, the rich mixture
MODES OF OPERATION
M19_HALD2616_04_SE_C075.indd 889 3/15/11 5:50 PM890 CHAPTER 79
ignites the leaner mixture. The advantages of this mode
include lower exhaust emissions than the stratified mode
and less fuel consumption than the homogeneous lean mode.
{
Homogeneous knock protection mode. The purpose of this
mode is to reduce the possibility of spark knock from occurring under heavy loads at low engine speeds. There are two
injections of fuel:
{
The first injection occurs on the intake stroke.
{
The second injection occurs during the compression stroke
with the overall mixture being stoichiometric.
As a result of this mode, the PCM does not need to retard ignition timing as much to operate knock-free.
{
Stratified catalyst heating mode. In this mode, there are two
injections:
{
The first injection is on the compression stroke just before
combustion.
{
The second injection occurs after combustion occurs to heat
the exhaust. This mode is used to quickly warm the catalytic
converter and to burn the sulfur from the NO
X
catalyst.
INJECTOR
SPRAY - GUIDED COMBUSTION
SPARK
PLUG
FIGURE 79 6 In this design, th
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