History of Cultural ExchangesBoth I

History of Cultural Exchanges
Both India and China are not mere societies; they are civilizations. We do not know exactly
when and how they started exchanging their cultural elements, but what we do know is that
they grew in parallel and shared their cultural traits since the beginning of human history and
this tradition of sharing has been continuing ever since.
Even before the transmission of Buddhism, the Shang-Zhou civilization and the ancient Vedic
civilization in 1500-1000 B.C. showed some evidence of conceptual and linguistic exchanges.
For instance, "wumingzhi" (nameless finger) in Chinese is called "anamika" (nameless) in
Sanskrit and in Pali. Similarly, some ancient Indian literatures mention "chinas" referring to the
Chinese people. The Mahabharata of the fifth century B.C. contains reference to China.
Chanakya of the Maurya dynasty (350-283 B.C.) refers to Chinese silk as "chinamsuka" (Chinese
silk dress) and "chinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his Arthashastra. Likewise, the Record of the
Grand Historian of Zhang Qian and Sima Qian has references to "Shendu", may be referring to
“Sindhu” in Sanskrit.
In sixth century B.C., the birth of Confucius and Sakyamuni opened a new period of exchanges
between the two civilizations. Emperor Ashoka’s propagation of Buddhism after his conversion
in 256 B.C. brought both civilizations even closer. Ashoka’s bilingual (Kharoshti and Greek) edict
points at extension of Buddhism in the direction of China and Central Asia. The trend continued
in first century A.D. during emperor Kanishka’s period. His empire, with its capital at
Purushpura (now Peshawar in Pakistan), enabled Buddhist pilgrims and scholars to travel on the
historic “silk route”. Kashyapa Matanga and Dharmaratna made the White Horse monastery at
Loyang their abode. Along the silk route, Khotan Turpan and Kucha became prominent centers
of Buddhism and India-China exchanges. The great scholar Kumarajiva initiated efforts to collect
and translate important Buddhist texts at a great Buddhist conclave in Chang’an (present Xi’an)
where he stayed until his death in 413 A.D. and managed to have 98 major Buddhist canonical
works translated into Chinese. He is widely believed to be responsible for bringing in Mahayana
Buddhism and Madhyamika doctrine into Chinese philosophy. In the beginning of the fifth
century A.D., Dharmakshema, an Indian Buddhist scholar came to China bringing with him the
“Mahaparinirvana Sutra” which was translated into Chinese about the year 415 A.D.
Meanwhile, the Chinese Pilgrim Fa Hein had left for India along the Silk Route and arrived there
in 405 A.D. Batuo (464-495 A.D.) and Bodhidharma visited China; XuanZhang (604 A.D.) and I
Ching were students at the prestigious Nalanda University. All along, the Silk Road played a
significant role in facilitating India-China cultural, commercial and technological exchanges. It
also connected both of us with the people of ancient Persia and the Mediterranean.
Both civilizations also shared scientific knowledge. In eighth century, Indian astronomer
Aryabhata's astronomical signs were translated into Chinese in the book "Kaiyuan Zhanjing"
compiled by Gautama Siddha, an astronomer in Chang'an of Indian descent. It is also believed
that he translated the Nabagraha calendar into Chinese. During the Ming Dynasty, navigator
General Zheng His arrival at Calicut in early 15th century is also a testimony of China’s ancient
maritime linkage with India.
Modern Phase of Cultural Exchanges
Our exchanges continued during the days of our struggle for self governance. In early 20th
century, Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore visited China twice, in 1924 and in 1929. Since
1911, Chinese scholars and intellectuals have been visiting and revisiting Tagore’s life, works
and philosophy. During this year, which marks his 150th birth anniversary, there are efforts by
Chinese publishing houses to bring out collected volumes of these writings on Tagore in the last
one hundred years. Institutions are preparing to stage Tagore’s plays in Chinese language for
easy comprehension of Chinese audience. As part of Gurudev’s 150th Birth Anniversary
celebrations, Mission collaborated with Chinese institutions like Peking University, Chinese
Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC), Yunnan University and many others
to hold seminars, exhibitions and movie screenings in his honour. A fully Chinese production of
Gurudev’s famous play- Chitrangna, is slated to be opened in Lanzhou University in March 2012.
Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis, whose mortal remains rest in the North China Martyrs' Memorial
Cemetery in Hebei Province, sacrificed his life in the service of the Chinese people during the
Sino-Japanese war. A part of the 1938 medical team of five Indian doctors, he stayed on in
China working in mobile clinics to treat wounded soldiers. He was eventually appointed as
Director of the Dr. Bethune International Peace Hospital built by the Eighth Route Army.
Both India and China began their journey of independent governance almost at the same time,
India in 1947 and the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In 1955, the first Indian cultural
delegation headed by then Deputy Minister of External Affairs Mr. A. K. Chanda visited China
which was warmly received by the Chinese leaders and people during their tour. In the 1960s
and 1970s Bollywood movies such as Do Bigha Zameen, Awara and Sree 420 of Raj Kapoor and
Noorie struck an emotional chord in the hearts and minds of the Chinese people. Even today,
people on the street hum the tunes of the songs of these films. In 1986, a film delegation from
India visited China and since 1988 both countries are bringing their people together through
structured Cultural Exchange Programme.
In the last 30 years or so, both of us have made remarkable progress. We also face similar
challenges. We are nations of youths, with hope, with dreams and with aspirations. Our leaders,
realizing this, have carried forward the task of promoting people-to-people contacts sincerely,
vigorously and diligently in the new millennium. Important projects have been completed. In
2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee had committed to build an Indian style Buddhist temple in
Luoyang, Henan province and President Pratibha Devisingh Patil inaugurated the temple during
her visit to China in May 2010. In February 2007, the Xuanzhang memorial hall has been
inaugurated at Nalanda. In June 2008, joint stamps have been released, one stamp depicting
the Mahabodhi temple at Bodhgaya and the other depicting the White Horse temple at
Luoyang. A centre for Indian studies has been set up in Peking University in 2003. Chairs of
Indian studies have also been established in Shenzhen University, Jinan University and Fudan
University. The 60th anniversary of the establishment of India-china diplomatic relations was
celebrated with much fan fare in both countries in 2010.
The broad contours of the India-China cultural cooperation was laid down in the Agreement on
Cultural Cooperation signed in May 1988, which provides for an executive Cultural Exchange
Programme (CEP) for implementation. The latest CEP signed in Dec 2010 during the visit of
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to India provides for cooperation in a gamut of cultural fields
including exchanges of visits of performing artists, officials, writers, archivists and
archaeologists, organizing cultural festivals, film festivals and exchanges in the field of mass
media, youth affairs and sports.
Leaders of both sides have announced 2011 as the "Year of Exchanges" and both countries have
resolved to further strengthen cultural exchanges between our peoples. Youth exchanges have
been encouraged. While young China expresses great desire to know Buddhism, Bollywood and
Yoga, young India admires the Chinese economic miracle. A 500 member Indian youth
delegation, led by the Hon’ble Minister of State for Sports and Youth Affairs, Sh. Ajay Maken,
visited China in September 2011. A 20 member ICCR Bollywood Troupe toured China in
September 2011. The Mission collaborated with the Beijing Film Academy to put up an
alternative Film Festival titled “You Don’t Belong” across several Chinese cities like Beijing,
Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming in November-December 2011. In order to connect better
with the Chinese youth, the Mission has also opened an account at the popular micro blogging
site, Sina Weibo, which has over 5000 followers. The Mission’s Flagship Chinese language
publication- Jinri Yindu has a readership base of over 20,000 and is still going strong.
Government of India is making efforts to popularize Chinese language at school level and is
committed to build a modern international Nalanda University at Rajgir in Bihar with the help of
partners and friends, for which Government of China has expressed desire to contribute. The
Nalanda University Governing Board held their annual meeting in Beijing in October 2011.
The new Culture and Information Wing of the Mission began functioning from January 2011
from the New Chancery Premises. A Kathak dance teacher and a Hindustani classical music
teacher joined the Mission on ICCR deputation in 2010, n order to expose the Chinese people to
various facets of India’s rich cultural tradition. This Wing conducts several events every month,
including lectures, film/documentary shows, performances, book talks, etc dealing with Indian
culture and heritage. Increasingly, a number of Indian artists have been performing on private
visits or participating directly on invitations of esteemed institutions like the Central
Conservatory of Music, NCPA and Beijing Dance Academy. The Wing also has an open library
with around 3000 reference books on India.
Both India and China have vibrant cultures and vibrant people. Buddhism, Xuan Zhang, Tagore,
Dr, Kotnis, Nalanda, Yoga and Cinema are only symbols of our long tradition of exchanges. They
are testimonies of our shared heritage. The momentum ha

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Lịch sử của trao đổi văn hóaẤn Độ và Trung Quốc là không chỉ các xã hội; họ là nền văn minh. Chúng tôi không biết chính xácKhi và làm thế nào họ bắt đầu trao đổi các yếu tố văn hóa của họ, nhưng những gì chúng ta biết làhọ phát triển song song và chia sẻ những đặc điểm văn hóa của họ từ đầu lịch sử con người vàtruyền thống này chia sẻ đã tiếp tục từ bao giờ.Ngay cả trước khi truyền dẫn của Phật giáo, nền văn minh Shang-chu và cổ vệ Đànền văn minh trong 1500-1000 trước công nguyên cho thấy một số bằng chứng về trao đổi ý tưởng và ngôn ngữ.Ví dụ, "wumingzhi" (ngón tay không tên) trong tiếng Trung Quốc được gọi là "AD" (không tên) trongTiếng Phạn và tiếng Pali. Tương tự, một số văn học Ấn Độ cổ đại đề cập đến "chinas" đề cập đến cácNgười dân Trung Quốc. Mahabharata thứ năm thế kỷ BC có tham chiếu đến Trung Quốc.Chanakya của triều đại Maurya (350-283 TCN) đề cập đến lụa Trung Quốc như là "chinamsuka" (tiếng Trung Quốclụa ăn) và "chinapatta" (Trung Quốc lụa bó) trong Arthashastra của ông. Tương tự như vậy, các bản ghi của cácGrand sử gia của Trương Khiên và Tư Mã Thiên đã tham chiếu đến "Shendu", có thể đề cập đến"Sindhu" trong tiếng Phạn.Trong thế kỷ thứ 6 trước công nguyên, sự ra đời của khổng tử và thích ca mâu ni mở ra một giai đoạn mới của trao đổigiữa hai nền văn minh. Hoàng đế Ashoka tuyên truyền của Phật giáo sau khi chuyển đổi của mìnhvào năm 256 TCN đưa cả hai nền văn minh thậm chí gần gũi hơn. Ashoka của song ngữ (Kharoshti và Hy Lạp) chỉ dụpoints at extension of Buddhism in the direction of China and Central Asia. The trend continuedin first century A.D. during emperor Kanishka’s period. His empire, with its capital atPurushpura (now Peshawar in Pakistan), enabled Buddhist pilgrims and scholars to travel on thehistoric “silk route”. Kashyapa Matanga and Dharmaratna made the White Horse monastery atLoyang their abode. Along the silk route, Khotan Turpan and Kucha became prominent centersof Buddhism and India-China exchanges. The great scholar Kumarajiva initiated efforts to collectand translate important Buddhist texts at a great Buddhist conclave in Chang’an (present Xi’an)where he stayed until his death in 413 A.D. and managed to have 98 major Buddhist canonicalworks translated into Chinese. He is widely believed to be responsible for bringing in MahayanaBuddhism and Madhyamika doctrine into Chinese philosophy. In the beginning of the fifthcentury A.D., Dharmakshema, an Indian Buddhist scholar came to China bringing with him the “Mahaparinirvana Sutra” which was translated into Chinese about the year 415 A.D.Meanwhile, the Chinese Pilgrim Fa Hein had left for India along the Silk Route and arrived therein 405 A.D. Batuo (464-495 A.D.) and Bodhidharma visited China; XuanZhang (604 A.D.) and IChing were students at the prestigious Nalanda University. All along, the Silk Road played asignificant role in facilitating India-China cultural, commercial and technological exchanges. Italso connected both of us with the people of ancient Persia and the Mediterranean.Both civilizations also shared scientific knowledge. In eighth century, Indian astronomerAryabhata's astronomical signs were translated into Chinese in the book "Kaiyuan Zhanjing"compiled by Gautama Siddha, an astronomer in Chang'an of Indian descent. It is also believedthat he translated the Nabagraha calendar into Chinese. During the Ming Dynasty, navigatorGeneral Zheng His arrival at Calicut in early 15th century is also a testimony of China’s ancientmaritime linkage with India.Modern Phase of Cultural ExchangesOur exchanges continued during the days of our struggle for self governance. In early 20thcentury, Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore visited China twice, in 1924 and in 1929. Since1911, Chinese scholars and intellectuals have been visiting and revisiting Tagore’s life, worksand philosophy. During this year, which marks his 150th birth anniversary, there are efforts byChinese publishing houses to bring out collected volumes of these writings on Tagore in the lastone hundred years. Institutions are preparing to stage Tagore’s plays in Chinese language foreasy comprehension of Chinese audience. As part of Gurudev’s 150th Birth Anniversarycelebrations, Mission collaborated with Chinese institutions like Peking University, ChineseAssociation for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC), Yunnan University and many othersto hold seminars, exhibitions and movie screenings in his honour. A fully Chinese production ofGurudev’s famous play- Chitrangna, is slated to be opened in Lanzhou University in March 2012.Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis, whose mortal remains rest in the North China Martyrs' MemorialCemetery in Hebei Province, sacrificed his life in the service of the Chinese people during theSino-Japanese war. A part of the 1938 medical team of five Indian doctors, he stayed on inChina working in mobile clinics to treat wounded soldiers. He was eventually appointed asDirector of the Dr. Bethune International Peace Hospital built by the Eighth Route Army.Both India and China began their journey of independent governance almost at the same time,India in 1947 and the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In 1955, the first Indian culturaldelegation headed by then Deputy Minister of External Affairs Mr. A. K. Chanda visited Chinawhich was warmly received by the Chinese leaders and people during their tour. In the 1960sand 1970s Bollywood movies such as Do Bigha Zameen, Awara and Sree 420 of Raj Kapoor andNoorie struck an emotional chord in the hearts and minds of the Chinese people. Even today,people on the street hum the tunes of the songs of these films. In 1986, a film delegation fromIndia visited China and since 1988 both countries are bringing their people together throughstructured Cultural Exchange Programme. In the last 30 years or so, both of us have made remarkable progress. We also face similarchallenges. We are nations of youths, with hope, with dreams and with aspirations. Our leaders,realizing this, have carried forward the task of promoting people-to-people contacts sincerely,vigorously and diligently in the new millennium. Important projects have been completed. In2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee had committed to build an Indian style Buddhist temple inLuoyang, Henan province and President Pratibha Devisingh Patil inaugurated the temple duringher visit to China in May 2010. In February 2007, the Xuanzhang memorial hall has beeninaugurated at Nalanda. In June 2008, joint stamps have been released, one stamp depictingthe Mahabodhi temple at Bodhgaya and the other depicting the White Horse temple atLuoyang. A centre for Indian studies has been set up in Peking University in 2003. Chairs ofIndian studies have also been established in Shenzhen University, Jinan University and FudanUniversity. The 60th anniversary of the establishment of India-china diplomatic relations wascelebrated with much fan fare in both countries in 2010.The broad contours of the India-China cultural cooperation was laid down in the Agreement onCultural Cooperation signed in May 1988, which provides for an executive Cultural ExchangeProgramme (CEP) for implementation. The latest CEP signed in Dec 2010 during the visit ofChinese Premier Wen Jiabao to India provides for cooperation in a gamut of cultural fields
including exchanges of visits of performing artists, officials, writers, archivists and
archaeologists, organizing cultural festivals, film festivals and exchanges in the field of mass
media, youth affairs and sports.
Leaders of both sides have announced 2011 as the "Year of Exchanges" and both countries have
resolved to further strengthen cultural exchanges between our peoples. Youth exchanges have
been encouraged. While young China expresses great desire to know Buddhism, Bollywood and
Yoga, young India admires the Chinese economic miracle. A 500 member Indian youth
delegation, led by the Hon’ble Minister of State for Sports and Youth Affairs, Sh. Ajay Maken,
visited China in September 2011. A 20 member ICCR Bollywood Troupe toured China in
September 2011. The Mission collaborated with the Beijing Film Academy to put up an
alternative Film Festival titled “You Don’t Belong” across several Chinese cities like Beijing,
Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming in November-December 2011. In order to connect better
with the Chinese youth, the Mission has also opened an account at the popular micro blogging
site, Sina Weibo, which has over 5000 followers. The Mission’s Flagship Chinese language
publication- Jinri Yindu has a readership base of over 20,000 and is still going strong.
Government of India is making efforts to popularize Chinese language at school level and is
committed to build a modern international Nalanda University at Rajgir in Bihar with the help of
partners and friends, for which Government of China has expressed desire to contribute. The
Nalanda University Governing Board held their annual meeting in Beijing in October 2011.
The new Culture and Information Wing of the Mission began functioning from January 2011
from the New Chancery Premises. A Kathak dance teacher and a Hindustani classical music
teacher joined the Mission on ICCR deputation in 2010, n order to expose the Chinese people to
various facets of India’s rich cultural tradition. This Wing conducts several events every month,
including lectures, film/documentary shows, performances, book talks, etc dealing with Indian
culture and heritage. Increasingly, a number of Indian artists have been performing on private
visits or participating directly on invitations of esteemed institutions like the Central
Conservatory of Music, NCPA and Beijing Dance Academy. The Wing also has an open library
with around 3000 reference books on India.
Both India and China have vibrant cultures and vibrant people. Buddhism, Xuan Zhang, Tagore,
Dr, Kotnis, Nalanda, Yoga and Cinema are only symbols of our long tradition of exchanges. They
are testimonies of our shared heritage. The momentum ha