where Iy and Iz are the second moment of area (or moment of inertia) of the cross-section ofthe beam with respect to the y and z axes, respectively. Note that the fourth DOF is related tothe torsional deformation. The development of a torsional element of a bar is very much thesame as that for a truss element. The only difference is that the axial deformation is replacedby the torsional angular deformation, and axial force is replaced by torque
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