Steady Velocity FrictionThe friction force as a function of velocity for constant velocity motion is called the Stribeck curve after the work of Stribeck in J52 K. In particular the dip in the force at low velocities is called the Stribeck effect, see Figure 5. The friction-velocity relation is application dependent and varies with material properties, temperature, wear etc. Many friction phenomena do not appear for constant velocity experiments. A number of observations of the dynamic behavior are given in the following.Static Friction and Break-Away ForceStatic friction is the friction when sticking. The force required to overcome the static friction and initiate motion is called the break-away force. Many experi-mental investigations were performed in the 50s to study the nature of static friction and the break-away force. 1997-11-28 16:52 4 FrictionDisplacementFigure 1 The relation between friction and displacement as found by J44K. The experi-mental results suggested that friction should be described as a function of displacement and not velocity.Rabinowicz addressed the transition between sticking and sliding in J44K. He investigated friction as a function of displacement. He concluded that the break-away force is given by the peak seen in Figure 1. The maximum friction force typically occurs at a small displacement from the starting point. In J33K it was found experimentally that the break-away force depends on the rate of increase of the external force. This is confirmed in J48K. A characteristic behavior is shown in Figure 2. Another investigation of the behavior in the sticking regime was done by J16K. They studied the spring-like behavior before gross sliding occurs. Their results were presented in diagrams showing force as a function of displacement, see Figure 3. Note the differences between Figures 1 and 3. The microscopic motion is often called pre-sliding motion.
Frictional Lag
That dynamics are not only important when sticking was shown by Hess and Soom in the paper J31K. They performed experiments with a periodic time-varying velocity superimposed on a bias velocity so that the motion becomes unidirec-tional. Typically the friction–velocity relation appeared as in Figure 4. Hysteresis
Break−away force
Force rate
Figure 2 Characteristic relation between rate of force application and break-away force as found in J33K. The experiment suggested that the break-away force decreases with increased rate of force application.
1997-11-28 16:52 5
Friction
Displacement
Figure 3 Pre-Sliding displacement as found by J16K. The result agrees with Figure 1 for small displacements. Releasing the applied force results in a permanent displacement as indicated by the dashed lines.
was observed as the velocity varied. The size of the loop increased with normal load, viscosity and frequency of the velocity variation.
These experiments clearly indicate the necessity of using dynamic friction models.
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