We will make a universal pH indicat

We will make a universal pH indicator from a red cabbage.
First, we would need to buy the red cabbage.
Then we need to cut it into about four parts, and for the experiment one quarter should be enough.
Afterwards, further chop the quarter piece into small pieces. The smaller the pieces the better.
You can also crush it using a blender.
To make the actual indicator, we need to extract purple pigment from the leaves. To do so, put the sliced cabbage in any container and fill it with boiling water.
Then wait for about 20 minutes until most of the water-soluble substances appear in the solution.
Now I will explain why do we do it.
Red cabbage, as well as many other vegetables, contains natural dyes, i.e. anthocyanins, which gives the fruits and leaves their different colors.
The color of these substances will depend on the acidity of their environment. When the acidity changes then the color changes as well.
For example, the color of ripe fruit often changes from green to red and from yellow to red.
Once the cabbage is settled in the water for approximately 20 minutes, the resulting liquid then should be filtered.
And, here we’ve made our universal indicator.
In order to show its effect, I’ll dilute it in water several times for the solution to not be so saturated.
Now I’ll pour this indicator into seven different beakers to show you what colors the substance contained in a red cabbage can acquire.
I’ll pour sulfuric acid, a very strong acid, into the first beaker and the solution immediately becomes red while the acidity or pH is equal to one.
I’ll add acetic acid to the second beaker, it is not as strong as sulfuric acid and the solution becomes bright pink.
And I’ll add sparkling water to the third beaker. Soda contains carbonic acid that turns the solution in a light pink color, with pH being approximately four.
I do nothing with the next beaker as there is more or less neutral solution in it.
Then, in the following beaker, I’ll add the baking soda solution, the solution turns blue, and the pH is approximately eight or nine now depending on the concentration.
In the next beaker I’ll add the ammonia solution, the solution there turns green and the pH is now equal to about twelve or thirteen.
Finally, in the last cup I’ll add a strong base - sodium hydroxide, the solution turns green at first and then yellow, yellow indicates pH of about fourteen.
Well, and we’ve got a diverse palette from one of the colors.
But that's not all, it’s still possible to play around for a long time with this indicator.
You can, for example, make an alkaline solution of yellow color and add an acid to it, such as sulfuric acid, and then you can gradually watch all the transitional colors.
Or, conversely, it can be an acidic solution, and then adding a solution of an alkali or soda to it.
You can also do a multi-layer liquid by pouring the solutions very carefully.
I would also want to warn you to be careful when you play about with a variety of substances as, for example, sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, are very corrosive substances, if they get on your skin it will be quite painful, so be careful with it.
Anthocyanins are the substances that change color and are contained in virtually any brightly colored fruit plants.