For tasks performed by robot manipulators, such as moving payloads or painting objects, position controllers give adequate performance because these types of tasks only require the robot to follow a desired trajectory. However, during grinding or an assembly task, the robot manipulator comes in contact with the environment; therefore, interaction forces develop between the robot manipulator and the environment. Consequently, these interaction forces, as well as the position of the end effector, must be controlled.To motivate the need for using a combination of force and position control, consider the problem of controlling a manipulator to write a sentence on a blackboard. To form the letters in the sentence, we must certainly control the end-effector position or, equivalently, the position of the chalk. As anyone who has written on a blackboard knows, the force with which one presses on the blackboard must also be controlled. That is, pressing too lightly can result in letters that are not easily readable, while pressing too hard can result in broken chalk. This example clearly illustrates that many robotic applications will require that a desired positional trajectory and a desired force trajectory must be specified. In this chapter we present some general control strategies that control not only the robot end-effector position but also the force that the end effector exerts on the environment. It should be noted that throughout this chapter, we assume that the desired velocity and force trajectories, which are commanded by the controllers, are consistent with the model of the environment [Lipkin and Duffy 1988]. If this is not the case, it may be possible to modify the desired velocity and force trajectories to be consistent with the model of the environment. The interested reader is referred to [Lipkin and Duffy 1988] for information on this modifying or “kinestatic filtering" of the desired trajectories.
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
