Một chủ đề Lịch sử của General MotorsTừ Wikipedia tiếng ViệtTrung tâm phục hưng ở Detroit, Michigan, là tổng hành dinh thế giới của General Motors.Lịch sử của General Motors (GM), một trong xe hơi lớn nhất thế giới và nhà sản xuất xe tải, đạt trở lại nhiều hơn một thế kỷ và liên quan đến một phạm vi rộng lớn của các hoạt động công nghiệp trên toàn thế giới, chủ yếu là tập trung vào giao thông vận tải có động cơ và kỹ thuật và sản xuất làm cho nó có thể. Thành lập năm 1908 là một công ty đang nắm giữ cho McLaughlin và Buick cổ phiếu và liên minh vào năm 1919, ở Flint, Michigan, thời 2012 nó sử dụng khoảng 202,000 người dân trên khắp thế giới. [1] với các trụ sở toàn cầu tại Trung tâm phục hưng ở Detroit, Michigan, Hoa Kỳ, GM sản xuất xe ô tô và xe tải tại 35 quốc gia của nó. Trong năm 2008, 8,35 triệu [2] GM ô tô và xe tải đã được bán trên toàn cầu theo nhãn hiệu khác nhau. Các thương hiệu ô tô GM ngày nay là Vauxhall, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Opel, và Wuling. Cựu GM ô tô thương hiệu bao gồm McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab và sao Thổ.In addition to these brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. These have included Euclid and Terex (earthmoving/construction/mining equipment & vehicles); Electro-Motive Diesel (locomotive, marine, and industrial diesel engines); Detroit Diesel (automotive and industrial diesel engines); Allison (Aircraft engines,transmissions, gas turbine engines); Frigidaire (Appliances including refrigeration and air conditioning); New Departure (bearings); Delco Electronics and ACDelco (electrical and electronic components); GMAC (finance); General Aviation and North American Aviation (airplanes); GM Defense (military vehicles) and Electronic Data Systems (information technology). In short, there are few, if any, industrial sectors or categories in which GM did not play a major role in the twentieth century, worldwide.Contents 1 1908–1929 2 The 1930s 2.1 World War II 2.2 Post-war growth 3 1958–1980 4 1981–present 4.1 Production of SUVs and trucks vs. cars 4.2 Corporate restructuring 4.2.1 Great recession and chapter 11 reorganization 5 History of General Motors in various countries 5.1 General Motors in South Africa 5.2 General Motors in Argentina 6 Corporate spin-offs 6.1 Electronic Data Systems Corporation 6.2 Delco Electronics Corporation 6.3 Hughes Electronics Corporation 6.4 Delphi Corporation 6.5 Diesel engines 6.6 General Motors Acceptance Corporation 7 General Motors leadership 7.1 Chairmen of the Board of General Motors 7.2 Chief Executive Officers of General Motors 7.3 Vice Chairmen of General Motors 7.4 Presidents of General Motors 8 Criticism 8.1 Nazi collaboration 8.2 Great American streetcar scandal theory 8.3 Corvair 8.4 Top-level management 8.5 EV1 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Works cited 11.2 Further reading 12 External links1908–1929GM's headquarters from 1923 until 1996, a National Historic Landmark, is now Cadillac Place state office building.General Motors was founded by William C. Durant on September 16, 1908 as a holding company after a 15-year contract with the McLaughlin's of Canada. Initially, GM held only the Buick Motor Company, but it rapidly acquired more than twenty companies including Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Oakland, now known as Pontiac. Durant signed a 15-year contract in Canada with the exchange of 500,000 shares of Buick stock for 500,000 shares of McLaughlin Stock. Dr. Campbell, Durant's son-in-law, put 1,000,000 shares on the stock market in Chicago Buick (then controlled by Durant).Durant's company, the Durant-Dort Carriage Company, had been in business in Flint since 1886, and by 1900, was producing over 100,000 carriages a year in factories located in Michigan and Canada. Prior to his acquisition of Buick, Durant had several Ford dealerships. With springs, axles and other key components being provided to the early automotive industry by Durant-Dort, it can be reasoned that GM actually began with the founding of Durant-Dort.[3]Durant acquired Oldsmobile later in 1908. The next year, he brought in Cadillac, Cartercar, Elmore, Ewing, and Oakland (later known as Pontiac). In 1909, General Motors also acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. A Rapid became the first truck to conquer Pikes Peak in 1909. In 1910, Welch and Rainier were added to the ever-growing list of companies controlled by GM. Durant lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust as the deal to buy Ford for $8,000,000.00 fell through, due to the large amount of debt (around $1 million) taken on in its acquisitions R S McLaughlin Director and friend left at the same time.Durant left the firm and co-founded the Chevrolet Motor Company in 1911 with Louis Chevrolet. R S McLaughlin in 1915 built Chevrolet in Canada and after a stock buy back campaign with the McLaughlin and DuPont corporations, and other Chevrolet stock holders, he returned to head GM in 1916,as Chevrolet owned 54.5% with the backing of Pierre S. du Pont. On October 13 of the same year, GM Company incorporated as General Motors Corporation after McLaughlin merged his companies and sold his Chevrolet stock to allow the incorporation, which in turn followed the incorporation of General Motors of Canada[4] (reverting to General Motors Company[5] upon emergence from bankruptcy in 2009 that left General Motors of Canada Limited as a privately owned Canadian Company). Chevrolet entered the General Motors fold in 1918 as it became part of the Corporation with R S McLaughlin as Director and Vice-President of the Corporation ; its first GM car was 1918's Chevrolet 490. Du Pont removed Durant from management in 1920, and various Du Pont interests held large or controlling share holdings until about 1950.In 1918 GM acquired the Chevrolet stock from McLaughlin Motor Car Company of Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, manufacturer of the McLaughlin automobile since 1907 (later to be renamed McLaughlin-Buick) as well as Canadian versions of Chevrolet cars since 1915. The company was renamed General Motors of Canada Ltd., with R.S. "Colonel Sam" McLaughlin as its first president and his brother George as vice-president allied with the Corporation 1919.[6] Superior Court of Ontario Canada documents show the Corporation as indirect parent of General Motors of Canada Limited. General Motors of Canada is a 100% owned Canadian Company.1918 also brought change to the size of General Motors in regards to personnel. The number of employees increased from about 49,000 workers to 85,000 workers. These people came from the South of the United States, as well as from Europe, to work at GM Michigan facilities. To accommodate this increase in the workforce, GM began to build employee housing with the nearly $2.5 million set aside for the project. This would become one of General Motors top 5 expenditures for the year 1919. 1919 also brought changes to employee investment opportunities. Similar to modern day 401(k) plans, all employees could invest a percentage of their wages or salary. GM proceeded to match every penny that their employees invested.[7]GM's headquarters were located in Flint until the mid-1920s when it was moved to Detroit. Its building, originally to be called the Durant Building, was designed and began construction in 1919 when Durant was president, was completed in 1923. Alfred P. Sloan became president that year, and the building was officially dedicated as the General Motors Building in 1929.[8] GM maintained this headquarters location, now called Cadillac Place, until it purchased the Renaissance Center in 1996.[9] The Buick Division headquarters remained in Flint until 1998 when it was relocated to the Renaissance Center.[10]In 1925, GM bought Vauxhall of England, and then in 1929 went on to acquire an 80% stake in German automobile manufacturer Opel. Two years later this was increased to 100%. In 1931, GM acquired Holden of Australia.In 1926, GM created the Pontiac as a "companion" to the Oakland brand, an arrangement that lasted five years. The companion outsold its parent during that period, by so much that the Oakland brand was terminated and the division was renamed Pontiac.General Motors acquired control of the 'Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System' (now better known as The Hertz Corporation), the Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company together with its subsidiaries, Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company in 1926 from John D. Hertz who joined the main board (John Hertz purchased the car rental business back from GM in 1953 and took it public the following year).[11] GM also acquired the Yellow Coach bus company, and helped create Greyhound bus lines.[citation needed]During this period (and into the 30s), Sloan and his team established the practice of targeting each of GM's automotive divisions to a specific demographically and socio-economically identifiable market segment. Despite some shared components, each marque distinguished itself from its stablemates with unique styling and technology. The shared components and common corporate management created substantial economies of scale, while the distinctions between the divisions created (in the words of GM President Sloan) a "ladder of success", with an entry-level buyer starting out at the bottom with the "basic transportation" Chevrolet, then rising through Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, and ultimately to Cadillac.While Ford continued to refine the manufacturing process to reduce cost, Sloan was inventing new ways of managing a complex worldwide organization, whil
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