CS can enhance insulin absorption across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells without injuring them. CS NPs were more effective than the aqueous solution of CS in increasing the intestinal absorption of insulin (50). Because of its low production costs, biocompatibility, and very low toxicity, CS is a very interesting excipient for vaccine delivery research also. As chitosan easily forms nano- and microparticles with high loading capacities for various antigens, it is a promising candidate for designing carrier systems for oral vaccine delivery. An important advantage of CS nano- and microparticles is that, often, the use of organic solvents, which may alter the immunogenicity of antigens, is avoided during preparation and loading (51).
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