Executive Summary.............................................................................................. 11 Introduction .................................................................................................... 32 Geohazards gặp phải trong thăm dò hydrocarbon ra nước ngoài... 52.1 Sea floor instability ........................................................................................ 52.2 Sea floor variability........................................................................................ 52.3 khí/chất lỏng áp lực liên quan đến tính năng... 52.4 seismicity & đứt... 63 Geophysical surveying ................................................................................. 73.1 Acquisition design .......................................................................................... 73.2 Processing design.......................................................................................... 103.3 độ phân giải cao và thăm dò địa chấn dữ liệu so sánh... 164 hiện tại thực hành và hướng dẫn... 195 Discussion......................................................................................................... 215.1 Seafloor instability hazards ......................................................................... 215.2 Sea floor variability hazards........................................................................ 225.3 Gas & high-pressure fluid hazards.............................................................. 226 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 23References............................................................................................................ 24Glossary ................................................................................................................ 27FiguresFigure 1. Diagram illustrating the relationship between Nyquist frequency, sampling andaliasing ............................................................................................................... 8Figure 3. Derivation of the Fresnel zone, which defines the horizontal limit of resolution forFigure 4 Repeated sampling of a single common mid-point (CMP) on a flat reflector in theFigure 2 Thin bed tuning and limits of separability and visibility after Bulat (2005). ............ 9unmigrated seismic data, after Yilmaz (2001) ........................................................ 10offshore............................................................................................................. 11Figure 5 CMP gather, NMO & stacking ........................................................................ 12Figure 6 Impact of seabed refraction on fold of coverage, after Bulat (2005) ..................... 13Figure 7 Seismic expression of diffractions and faulted reflectors .................................... 14TablesTable 1 summary of physical acquisition and processing parameters for standard explorationand high-resolution seismic surveys. ..................................................................... 16Table 2 seabed and near-seabed data quality for exploration and high-resolution surveyswithin different bathymetric ranges..............
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