Edgar Schein nói rằng sự nghiệp kế hoạch là một quá trình tiếp tục khám phá---một trong đó một người chậm phát triển một tự khái niệm nghề nghiệp rõ ràng hơn về những gì của mình tài năng, khả năng, động cơ, nhu cầu, Thái độ, và giá trị. Schein cũng nói rằng khi bạn tìm hiểu thêm về bản thân, nó trở nên rõ ràng rằng bạn có một neo chi phối sự nghiệp, một mối quan tâm hoặc giá trị mà bạn sẽ không từ bỏ nếu một sự lựa chọn đã được thực hiện. Sự nghiệp neo, như tên gọi của nó, là pivots xung quanh thành phố mà sự nghiệp của một người thay đổi tính; một người trở nên có ý thức của họ là kết quả của việc học tập về của mình tài năng và khả năng, động cơ và nhu cầu, và Thái độ và giá trị. Dựa trên nghiên cứu của mình tại viện công nghệ Massachusetts, Schein tin rằng sự nghiệp neo là khó dự đoán trước thời hạn, bởi vì các yare tiến hóa và một sản phẩm của một quá trình khám phá. Một số người có thể không bao giờ tìm hiểu những gì sự nghiệp của họ mà neo cho đến khi họ phải thực hiện một sự lựa chọn lớn--chẳng hạn như việc thực hiện chương trình khuyến mãi cho các nhân viên trụ sở chính hoặc tấn công trên riêng của họ bằng cách bắt đầu một doanh nghiệp. Đó là vào thời điểm này rằng tất cả những người kinh nghiệm làm việc trong quá khứ, lợi ích, năng khiếu, và hướng hội tụ thành một mô hình có ý nghĩa (hoặc sự nghiệp neo) giúp Hiển thị những gì là yếu tố quan trọng nhất trong lựa chọn nghề nghiệp của người lái xe. Dựa trên nghiên cứu của ông của sinh viên tốt nghiệp MIT, Schein xác định năm sự nghiệp neo. TECHNICAL/FUNCTIONAL CAREER ANCHOR(技术或功能型 ) People who had a strong technical/functional career anchor tended to avoid decisions that would drive them toward general management. Instead they made decisions that would enable them to remain and grow in their chosen technical or functional fields. MANAGERIAL COMPETENCE(管理型) AS A CAREER ANCHOR Other people show a strong motivation to become managers and their career experience enabled them to believe that they had the skills and values required to rise to such general management positions. A management position of high responsibility is their ultimate goal. When pressed to explain why they believed they had the skills necessary to gain such positions, many in Schein's research sample answered that they were qualified for these jobs because of what they saw as their competencies in a combination of three areas: (1) analytical competence (ability to identify, analyze, and solve problems under conditions of incomplete information and uncertainty);(2) interpersonal competence (ability to influence, super-vise, lead, manipulate, and control people at all levels);and (3) emotional competence (the capacity to be stimulated by emotional and interpersonal crises rather than exhausted or debilitated by them, and the capacity to bear high levels of responsibility without becoming paralyzed). CREATIVITY AS A CAREER(创造型 ) ANCHOR Some of the graduates had gone on to become successful entrepreneurs. To Schein these people seemed to have a need “to build or create something that was entirely their own product-a product or process that bears their name, a company of their own, or a personal fortune that reflects their accomplishments.” For example, one graduate had become a successful purchaser, restorer, and renter of townhouses in a large city; another had built a successful consulting firm. AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE (自主与独立型)AS CAREER ANCHORS Some seemed driven by the need to be on their own, free of the dependence that can arise when a person elects to work in a large organization where promotions, transfers, and salary decisions make them subordinate to others. Many of these graduates also had a strong technical/functional orientation. However, instead of pursuing this orientation in an organization, they had decided to become consultants, working either alone or as part of a relatively small firm. Others had become professors of business, freelance writers, and proprietors of a small re-tail business. SECURITY AS A CAREER ANCHOR(安全型) A few of the graduates were mostly concerned with long-run career stability and job security. They seemed willing to do what was required to maintain job security, a decent income, and a stable future in the form of a good retirement pro-gram and benefits. For those interested in geographic security, maintaining a stable, secure career in familiar surroundings was generally more important than pursuing superior career choices, if choosing the latter meant injecting instability or insecurity into their lives by forcing them to pull up roots and move to another city. For others, security meant organizational security. They might today opt for government jobs, where tenure still tends to be a way of life. They were much more willing to let their employers decide what their careers should be. ASSESSING CAREER ANCHORS To help you identify career anchors, take a few sheets of blank paper and write out your answers to the following questions: 1. What was your major area of concentration (if any) in high school? Why did you choose that area? How did you feel about it? 2. What is (or was) your major area of concentration in college? Why did you choose that area? How did you feel about it? 3. What was your first job after school? (Include military if relevant.) What were you looking for in your first job? 4. What were your ambitions or long-range goals when you started your career? Have they changed? When? Why? 5. What was your first major change of job or company? What were you looking for in your next job? 6. What was your next major change of job, company, or career? Why did you initiate or accept it? What were you looking for? (Do this for each of your major changes of job, company, or career.) 7. As you look back over your career, identify some times you have especially enjoyed. What was it about those times that you enjoyed?8. As you look back, identify some times you have not especially enjoyed. What was it about those times you did not enjoy? 9. Have you ever refused a job move or promotion? Why? 10. Now review all your answers carefully, as well as the descriptions for the five career anchors (managerial competence, technical/functional, security, creativity, autonomy). Based on your answers to the questions, rate each of the anchors from 1 to 5; 1 equals low importance, 5 equals high importance. Managerial competence ___________________ Technical/functional competence ___________________ Security ___________________Creativity ___________________Autonomy ___________________
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