The initial impetus for financial instability is the same for bothindustrialized countries and emerging-market countries as the firstrow of Figures 1 and 2 indicates. Four factors typically help initiatefinancial instability: (1) increases in interest rates, (2) a deteriorationin bank balance sheets, (3) negative shocks to nonbank balancesheets such as a stock market decline, and (4) increases in uncertainty.Countries often begin experiencing major bouts of financialinstability when domestic interest rates begin to rise, often with therise initiated by interest rate increases abroad. For example, asdocumented in Mishkin (1991), most financial crises in the UnitedStates in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries began with asharp rise in interest rates that followed interest rate increases in theLondon markets. Similarly, the Mexican financial crisis of 1994-95began with upward pressure on domestic interest rates following themonetary tightening in the United States beginning in February1994. As we have seen, these rises in interest rates increased adverseselection problems in the credit markets. The rise in interest ratesalso increased moral hazard problems because the resulting decreasein cash flow hurt the balance sheets of nonbank firms. In addition,the increase in interest rates weakened bank balance sheets becauseof banks’ maturity mismatch and also led to increased moral hazardproblems as indicated in the next row in Figures 1 and 2.
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