Basic aspects of endocytosis. The simple term endocytosis encompasses a variety of complex events whereby cellstake up materials from their surroundings (120). The bestknown internalization mechanism is the coated pit pathway that utilizes adaptor proteins, a clathrin network, andthe GTPase dynamin to concentrate ligand-bound receptors at the cell surface and then convey them into cells.Several important physiological processes utilize clathrinmediated endocytosis including uptake of transferrin andlow-density lipoproteins, as well as internalization of agonist activated GPCRs (121). Caveolae originate from membrane structures enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids andthe transmembrane protein caveolin (122). While the role ofcaveolae in endocytosis has been questioned at times, it nowseems clear that these compact structures (100 nm) do playa role in the internalization of certain receptors and theirligands. For example, some members of the integrin familyas well as certain sodium channels are internalized via thecaveolar pathway (123,124). Multiple additional endocytotic pathways occur in cells including ones that do not relyon clathrin, caveolin or dynamin (125). An important example is the CLIC/GEEC pathway that results in the formation of tubular endosomes that make a large contributionto fluid phase endocytosis. Another high volume pathwayis macropinocytosis whereby the cells use an actinomyosindriven process to pinch off and engulf large amounts of extracellular fluid. All of these processes have been implicatedto varying degrees in the initial uptake of oligonucleotides.Increasing evidence indicates that the initial route of endocytosis can be an important determinant of oligonucleotidepharmacology and that there are both productive and nonproductive paths of cellular uptake (126,127)
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