these non-siliceous phytoplankton are predominantly flagellates, often dinoflagellates, forming dense blooms along the coast. the occurrence of these bloos has raised concern as they are increasing in frequency and are often toxic. these toxic blooms are associated with massive mortalities in fish, shellfish, birds, and marine mammals. althought there are no global estimates of economic losses due to harmful algal blooms, estimates from isolated individual events provide some indication of the scale of the problem. in alaska alone, it is estimated that losses from the shellfish industry are $50 million annually. the gulf coast of florida experience frequenr red tides, often accompanied by dead fish washing up on beaches, contaminated shellfish, and human respiratory problems owing to toxic aerosolized by the surf. habas and gilbert estimated a loss of $20 million for each event in 1974
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