The equation is estimated for a panel of 30 countries for which the basic fiscal indicators shown in Figures 1±3 are available in the IMF's Government Finance Statistics. 19 The variables in the panel are constructed for fiveyear averages during 1970±95 to smooth out transitory ¯uctuations in the data. Given that the relationship between decentralization indicatorsand ®scal positions may dier across broad groups of countries, the equation is estimated for subsamples of 17 OECD and 13 non-OECD countries. 20 The distinction between OECD and non-OECD countries also reflects differences in institutional development across countries, as OECD countries tend to have more mature fiscal institutions than their counterparts in the non-OECD sample. The equations are also estimated simultaneously for dierent levels of government, to account for the information in the covariance of the error terms in each equation.
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