adapted from Davis (1989), Davis et al. (1989),
MIS Quarterly Vol 27 No 3/Septemter 2003 437
Venkatesh el al./User Acceptance of IT
X O X
Training User System
Reactions Use
O
User
Reactions/
Usage
Measurement
X
System
Use
0
User
Reactions/
Usage
Measurement
X 0
System Usage
Use Measurement
>
1 week 1 month 3 months 6 months
Figure 2. Longitudinal Data Collection Schedule
Table 4. Description of Studies
Study Industry
Functional
Area
Sample
Size System Description
Voluntary Use
la Entertainment
Product
Development
54
Online meeting manager that could be
used to conduct Web-enabled video or
audio conferences in lieu of face-to-face
or traditional phone conferences
lb
Telecom m
Services
Sales 65
Database application that could be used
to access industry standards for particular
products in lieu of other resources (e.g.,
technical manuals, Web sites)
Mandatory Use
2a Banking
Business
Account
Management
58
Portfolio analyzer that analysts were
required to use in evaluating existing and
potential accounts
2b
Public
Administration
Accounting 38
Proprietary accounting systems on a PC
platform that accountants were required
ous o aanizationalbooj
and Venkatesh and Davis (2000); MM scales were
adapted from Davis et al. (1992); TPB/DTPB
scales were adapted from Taylor and Todd
(1995a, 1995b); MPCU scales were adapted from
Thompson etal. (1991); IDT scales were adapted
from Moore and Benbasat (1991); and SCT scales
were adapted from Compeau and Higgins {1995a,
1995b) and Compeau et al. (1999). Behavioral
intention to use the system was measured using
a three-item scale adapted from Davis et al.
(1989) and extensively used in much of the
previous individual acceptance research. Sevenpoint scales were used for all of the aforementioned constructs' measurement
, with 1 being the
negative end of the scale and 7 being the positive
end of the scale. In addition to these measures
,
perceived voluntariness was measured as a
manipulation check per the scale of Moore and
Benbasat (1991), where 1 was nonvoluntary and
7 was completely voluntary. The tense of the
verbs in the various scales reflected the timing of
measurement: future tense was employed at T1,
present tense was employed at T2 and T3 (see
Karahanna etal. 1999). The scales used to measure the key constructs are discussed in a later
section where we perform a detailed comparison
(Tables 9 through 13). A focus group of five
business professionals evaluated the questionnaire, following which minor wording changes
were made. Actual usage behavior was measured as duration of use via system logs. Due to
the sensitivity of usage measures to network
438 MIS Quarterly Vol. 27 No 3/September 2003
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