Materiality means that information is omitted or misstated and could influence the economic decisions of users of the financial statements. For example the amount of goods Pear International Ltd ordered from supplier was valued 100,000 USD however in the financial statement it was recorded 10,000 USD.PrudenceThis term could be understood as the “Considerations” or “Judgments” in the process of planning financial pathway, it also being used for setting up the accounting estimating in confusing (uncertain) conditions. This concept requires several points such as:The reserves will be setting up but not too big. Giving a true evaluation in assets and income of the company. Never underestimate the values of costs and liabilities. Incomes or revenues shall be fit with the strong and solid evidences, because of it obtains the economic and legal perspective. For example: the evaluation process has pointed out the real value of Pear International inventory was lower than the number of goods that actually stay in the storage. That means the unbalance occurred while doing business in Pear International. The prudence also ensure that profit on sale from inventory is only being recorded when the goods are traded or sold out to the customer.ConsistencyThe term is usually being chosen by companies in business world; the concept of consistency means that accounting methods once adopted must be applied consistently in future. Because of it perform the changing consistently, changing to different methods or using another accounting concepts lead the company to different value of profit and loss in some specific circumstances. For example: Pear International has used LIFO for calculating the cost and budget in a certain time period, the profit of LIFO method always lower than the loss over years (assumed), so that the company is able to decrease the tax payment value. Afterward, Pear International has changed from using LIFO into FIFO method, it leads the profit increase significantly and eventually higher than the loss value, then company has to pay tax in higher rate than before. The example shows the performance in finance in a long-term period. Accruals or matching concept Revenue and expenses are recorded when they are incurred not when they are received or paid out. For example, when Pear International purchases goods on credit, so the amount of money will use to pay for supplier in the future will be recorded at the time ordering. The same, when company sells out on credit, the revenue will be recorded even though money has not received yet.RealizationThis concept relates to the reorganization in the company incomes (revenues). The revenue would be recorded whether the transaction completed or not, the money received or not. For example: when Pear International sell goods value 100,000 USD to a customer, this amount of money will be recorded right away when goods are delivered to customer even customer has not paid 100,000 USD yet.Uniformity disclosureThis concept requires every related information; all of the materiality must be disclosed and reported in the financial statement or in the financial report note. For example: the general capital of Pear International is being used for different purposes, whether it’s been using for major of minor, all of the spending or receiving must be recorded and reported in the report.
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