determined that the instructional design should include lesson plans incorpo¬rating verbal presentations, job aids, role playing, simulations, and so on into the instructional delivery. Fundamental components of this initiative include an appreciation of the realities of the work experience; an understanding of the basic adult learning principles; the integration of behaviorally based exercises, case studies, group discussions, and real-world work examples into the instruc-tional design; evaluations and assessments; and a mentorship program in which CPMs work with trainees before they become certified themselves.Phase 4---Step 2: Develop criterion-referenced tests. Before the team of instructional designers began developing the instructional material, criterion-referenced tests were developed for each competency module approved by the cur¬riculum committee. Items were developed for all performance outcomes at the appropriate Bloom (1956) level. In addition, the instructional designers employed the general guide¬lines for achievement testing as outlined by Gronlund (1993), Schrock & Coscarelli (1989), and Westgaard (1999). These included the following principles:(a) The learning assessments should measure clearly defined learning outcomes.(b) The learning assessments should measure all intended learning outcomes.(c) The learning assessments should include the most appropriate types of test items for measuring the intended learning outcomes.(d) The learning assessments should be based on plans for using the results.
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