ĐẤT NÔNG NGHIỆP SCAPE CẤU TRÚC Trong các trung tâm và phía trên Guadalquivir Valley (tỉnh Cordoba và Jaen), những lùm ô liu tạo thành một canh mà kết quả trong cảnh quan tương đối đồng nhất. Thực vật bản địa đại diện - ghét < 1% của khu vực thung lũng Gudalquivir (Aparicio2008). Intensification practices eliminated hedgerows and other live fences between properties, and the rare hedges still present are small, and often undetectable in the landscape. While woodlots and copses are extremely rare in lowlands, they are better represented in the olive groves on mountain hill- sides. Topography is thus one of the rare sources of heteroge- neity in the landscape and contributes to the differentiation between olive orchards from the valley and mountains. Other sources of heterogeneity in this agricultural landscape include differences between groves in herbaceous cover treatment (Val- era et al. 1997) and number of trees per hectare (between 70 in old plantations and 400 in some young plantations; Munoz- Cobo & Purroy 1980). These variations seem to more greatly affect the breeding than the wintering communities, which are more influenced by food availability (Rey, Alcantara & San- chez-Lafuente 1996; Valera et al. 1997; Munoz-Cobo & Mo- reno-Montesino 2003). Finally, another source of variation is the difference between cultivars. Many olive cultivars are planted in Andalusia (Junta de Andalucıa 2003) but the most abundant are regionally separated (Fig. S1). Cultivars differ in olive ripening phenology, harvesting timing, fruit crop and the extent of their inter-annual variation (Fig. S2, Supporting information). These differences generate a regional mosaic in olive availability with consequences for avian frugivore occur- rence in the agricultural landscape.
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