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Bài báo 1:Introduction to the ASTM
Bài báo 1:
Introduction to the ASTM Designation System
Abstract:
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws.
Steel standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of the different types of steels, which are primarily used in the production of mechanical components, industrial parts, and construction elements. The most widely used standard specifications for steel products in the United States are those published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. In many cases, the dimensions, tolerances, limits, and restrictions in the ASTM specifications are similar to or the same as the corresponding items in the standard practices contained in the AISI Steel Products Manuals.
Many of the ASTM specifications have been adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) with little or no modification; ASME uses the prefix S and the ASTM designation for these specifications. For example, ASME-SA213 and ASTM A 213 are identical.
ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws. Metric ASTM standards have a suffix letter M.
Examples of the ASTM ferrous metal designation system, describing its use of specification numbers and letters, are shown below:
Example - ASTM A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303Se-Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars:
• ‘A’ describes a ferrous metal, but does not sub classify it as cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, or stainless steel;
• 582 is a sequential number without any relationship to the metal’s properties;
• M indicates that the standard A582M is written in rationalized SI units (the M comes from the word Metric), hence together 582/A582M includes both inch-pound and SI units;
• 95 indicates the year of adoption or last revision and a letter b following the year indicates the third revision of the standard in1995;
• (2000), a number in parentheses, indicates the year of last re-approval;
• Grade 300Se indicates the grade of the steel, and in this case, it has a Se (selenium) addition.
Within the steel industry, the terms Grade, Type, and Class are generally defined as follows: Grade is used to describe chemical composition; Type is used to define the deoxidation practice; and Class is used to indicate other characteristics such as strength level or surface finish. However, within the ASTM standards, these terms were adopted and used to identify a particular metal within a metal standard and used without any strict definition. Although there are differences between the ASTM and traditional definitions of these terms ASTM have applied some loose rules to the use of this terminology in their designation system :
Example 1 - ASTM A 106-02a Grade A, Grade B, Grade C - Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service:
• Typically an increase in alphabet (such as letters A, B, C) results in higher tensile or yield strength steels, and if it’s an unalloyed carbon steel, an increase in carbon content;
• In this case: Grade A:0.25%C (max), 48 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade B: 0.30%C (max), 60 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade C 0.35%C (max), 70 ksi tensile strength (min).
Example 2 - ASTM A 276-03, Type 304, 316, 410 – Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes:
Types 304, 316, 410 and others are based on the SAE designation system for stainless steels (see SAE and former AISI description that follows).
Another use of ASTM grade designators is found in pipe, tube, and forging products, where the first letter P refers to pipe, T refers to tube, TP may refer to tube or pipe, and F refers to forging.
Examples are found in the following ASTM specifications:
• ASTM A 335/A335-03, Grade P22; Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service;
• ASTM A 213/A213M-03a, Grade T22; Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes;
• ASTM A 312/A312M-03, Grade TP304; Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe;
• ASTM A 336/A336M-03a, Class F22-Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts.
Bài báo 2:
SAE Stainless Steels
200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
201—austenitic; hardenable through cold working
202—austenitic; general purpose stainless steel
300 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel alloys
301—highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304.
302—same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
303—easier machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304—the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304L—extra low carbon version of 304 used extensively in welding.
309—offers better temperature resistance than 304
316—the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. 316 steel is used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. SS316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Most stainless steel watches are made of this. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506. 316Ti (which includes titanium for heat resistance) is used in flexible chimney liners, and is able to withstand temperatures up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest possible temperature of a chimney fire.
316L—extra low carbon version of 316.
317—Alloy 317LMN and 317L are molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels with greatly increased resistance to chemical attack as compared to the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels such as Alloy 304. In addition, 317LMN and 317L alloys offer higher creep, stress-to-rupture, and tensile strengths at elevated temperatures than conventional stainless steels. All are low carbon or "L" grades to provide resistance to sensitization during welding and other thermal processes. The "M" and "N" designations indicate that the compositions contain increased levels of molybdenum and nitrogen respectively. The combination of molybdenum and nitrogen is particularly effective in enhancing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in process streams containing acids, chlorides, and sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures. Nitrogen also serves to increase the strength of these alloys. Both alloys are intended for severe service conditions such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
321—similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium.
400 Series—ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
405—a ferritic especially made for welding applications
408—heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
409—cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
410—martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
416—easy to machine due to additional sulfur
420—Cutlery-grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
430—decorative, used for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.
440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it, which allows for much better edge retention when the steel is heat-treated properly. It can be hardened to around Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known as razor blade steel. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered a more desirable choice in knifemaking than 440A except for diving or other salt-water applications.
446—For elevated temperature service.
500 Series—heat-resisting chromium alloys
600 Series—martensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Type 630 is most common precipitation-hardening stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.
650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
15-5 Stainless Steel
Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties.
17-4 Stainless Stee
Introduction to the ASTM Designation System
Abstract:
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws.
Steel standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of the different types of steels, which are primarily used in the production of mechanical components, industrial parts, and construction elements. The most widely used standard specifications for steel products in the United States are those published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. In many cases, the dimensions, tolerances, limits, and restrictions in the ASTM specifications are similar to or the same as the corresponding items in the standard practices contained in the AISI Steel Products Manuals.
Many of the ASTM specifications have been adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) with little or no modification; ASME uses the prefix S and the ASTM designation for these specifications. For example, ASME-SA213 and ASTM A 213 are identical.
ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws. Metric ASTM standards have a suffix letter M.
Examples of the ASTM ferrous metal designation system, describing its use of specification numbers and letters, are shown below:
Example - ASTM A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303Se-Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars:
• ‘A’ describes a ferrous metal, but does not sub classify it as cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, or stainless steel;
• 582 is a sequential number without any relationship to the metal’s properties;
• M indicates that the standard A582M is written in rationalized SI units (the M comes from the word Metric), hence together 582/A582M includes both inch-pound and SI units;
• 95 indicates the year of adoption or last revision and a letter b following the year indicates the third revision of the standard in1995;
• (2000), a number in parentheses, indicates the year of last re-approval;
• Grade 300Se indicates the grade of the steel, and in this case, it has a Se (selenium) addition.
Within the steel industry, the terms Grade, Type, and Class are generally defined as follows: Grade is used to describe chemical composition; Type is used to define the deoxidation practice; and Class is used to indicate other characteristics such as strength level or surface finish. However, within the ASTM standards, these terms were adopted and used to identify a particular metal within a metal standard and used without any strict definition. Although there are differences between the ASTM and traditional definitions of these terms ASTM have applied some loose rules to the use of this terminology in their designation system :
Example 1 - ASTM A 106-02a Grade A, Grade B, Grade C - Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service:
• Typically an increase in alphabet (such as letters A, B, C) results in higher tensile or yield strength steels, and if it’s an unalloyed carbon steel, an increase in carbon content;
• In this case: Grade A:0.25%C (max), 48 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade B: 0.30%C (max), 60 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade C 0.35%C (max), 70 ksi tensile strength (min).
Example 2 - ASTM A 276-03, Type 304, 316, 410 – Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes:
Types 304, 316, 410 and others are based on the SAE designation system for stainless steels (see SAE and former AISI description that follows).
Another use of ASTM grade designators is found in pipe, tube, and forging products, where the first letter P refers to pipe, T refers to tube, TP may refer to tube or pipe, and F refers to forging.
Examples are found in the following ASTM specifications:
• ASTM A 335/A335-03, Grade P22; Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service;
• ASTM A 213/A213M-03a, Grade T22; Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes;
• ASTM A 312/A312M-03, Grade TP304; Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe;
• ASTM A 336/A336M-03a, Class F22-Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts.
Bài báo 2:
SAE Stainless Steels
200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
201—austenitic; hardenable through cold working
202—austenitic; general purpose stainless steel
300 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel alloys
301—highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304.
302—same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
303—easier machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304—the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304L—extra low carbon version of 304 used extensively in welding.
309—offers better temperature resistance than 304
316—the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. 316 steel is used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. SS316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Most stainless steel watches are made of this. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506. 316Ti (which includes titanium for heat resistance) is used in flexible chimney liners, and is able to withstand temperatures up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest possible temperature of a chimney fire.
316L—extra low carbon version of 316.
317—Alloy 317LMN and 317L are molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels with greatly increased resistance to chemical attack as compared to the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels such as Alloy 304. In addition, 317LMN and 317L alloys offer higher creep, stress-to-rupture, and tensile strengths at elevated temperatures than conventional stainless steels. All are low carbon or "L" grades to provide resistance to sensitization during welding and other thermal processes. The "M" and "N" designations indicate that the compositions contain increased levels of molybdenum and nitrogen respectively. The combination of molybdenum and nitrogen is particularly effective in enhancing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in process streams containing acids, chlorides, and sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures. Nitrogen also serves to increase the strength of these alloys. Both alloys are intended for severe service conditions such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
321—similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium.
400 Series—ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
405—a ferritic especially made for welding applications
408—heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
409—cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
410—martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
416—easy to machine due to additional sulfur
420—Cutlery-grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
430—decorative, used for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.
440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it, which allows for much better edge retention when the steel is heat-treated properly. It can be hardened to around Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known as razor blade steel. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered a more desirable choice in knifemaking than 440A except for diving or other salt-water applications.
446—For elevated temperature service.
500 Series—heat-resisting chromium alloys
600 Series—martensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Type 630 is most common precipitation-hardening stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.
650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
15-5 Stainless Steel
Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties.
17-4 Stainless Stee
0/5000
Hai báo 1:Giới thiệu về hệ thống tên gọi ASTMTóm tắt:Đặc điểm kỹ thuật ASTM đại diện cho một sự đồng thuận giữa các nhà sản xuất, specifiers, fabricators và người sử dụng của nhà máy thép sản phẩm. Hệ thống tên gọi của ASTM cho kim loại bao gồm một chữ (A bằng vật liệu) theo một tùy ý tuần tự gán số. Tên gọi này thường áp dụng cho sản phẩm cụ thể, ví dụ A548 được áp dụng cho tiêu đề lạnh chất lượng thép carbon dây cho khai thác hoặc kim loại tấm vít.Thép tiêu chuẩn được cụ trong phân loại, đánh giá, và chỉ định các tài liệu, hóa chất, cơ khí, và luyện kim thuộc tính của các loại khác nhau của thép, mà được chủ yếu sử dụng trong sản xuất cơ khí thành phần, bộ phận công nghiệp, và các yếu tố xây dựng. Đặc điểm kỹ thuật tiêu chuẩn được sử dụng rộng rãi nhất cho các sản phẩm thép ở Hoa Kỳ là những người được xuất bản bởi ASTM (Mỹ Hiệp hội thử nghiệm và tài liệu).Đặc điểm kỹ thuật ASTM đại diện cho một sự đồng thuận giữa các nhà sản xuất, specifiers, fabricators và người sử dụng của nhà máy thép sản phẩm. Trong nhiều trường hợp, kích thước, dung sai, giới hạn và hạn chế trong tiêu chuẩn ASTM đặc điểm kỹ thuật là tương tự hoặc tương tự như các mục tương ứng trong các thực hành tiêu chuẩn chứa trong hướng dẫn sử dụng sản phẩm thép AISI.Nhiều người trong số các đặc điểm kỹ thuật ASTM đã được chấp nhận bởi xã hội người Mỹ của kỹ sư cơ khí (ASME) với ít hoặc không có sửa đổi; ASME sử dụng tiền tố S và tên gọi ASTM cho các chi tiết kỹ thuật. Ví dụ, ASME SA213 và ASTM A 213 là giống hệt nhau.Hệ thống tên gọi của ASTM cho kim loại bao gồm một chữ (A bằng vật liệu) theo một tùy ý tuần tự gán số. Tên gọi này thường áp dụng cho sản phẩm cụ thể, ví dụ A548 được áp dụng cho tiêu đề lạnh chất lượng thép carbon dây cho khai thác hoặc kim loại tấm vít. Tiêu chuẩn ASTM mét có một hậu tố chữ M.Ví dụ về hệ thống kim kim loại tên ASTM, mô tả của mình sử dụng đặc điểm kỹ thuật số và ký tự, được hiển thị dưới đây:Ví dụ - ASTM một 582/A 582M-95b (2000), lớp 303Se-miễn phí-gia công thép không gỉ quán bar:• 'A' mô tả một kim loại màu, nhưng nào không tiểu phân loại nó như gang, carbon thép, hợp kim thép, thép công cụ, hoặc thép không gỉ;• 582 là một số tuần tự mà không có bất kỳ mối quan hệ với tính chất của kim loại;• M chỉ ra rằng A582M tiêu chuẩn được viết bằng lý đơn vị SI (M đến từ chữ số liệu), do đó 582/A582M với nhau bao gồm cả inch-pound và các đơn vị SI;• 95 cho thấy năm của việc áp dụng hoặc sửa đổi cuối cùng và một lá thư b sau năm cho thấy các phiên bản thứ ba của tiêu chuẩn in1995;• (2000), một số trong ngoặc đơn, chỉ ra năm cuối tái phê duyệt;• Lớp 300Se chỉ ra các lớp thép, và trong trường hợp này, nó có một bổ sung Se (selen).Trong ngành công nghiệp thép, các điều khoản cấp, loại, và lớp được nói chung được định nghĩa như sau: lớp được sử dụng để mô tả các thành phần hóa học; Loại được sử dụng để xác định các thực hành deoxidation; và lớp được sử dụng để chỉ ra các đặc tính khác chẳng hạn như mức độ sức mạnh hoặc bề mặt kết thúc. Tuy nhiên, trong các tiêu chuẩn ASTM, các điều khoản này đã được thông qua và được sử dụng để xác định một kim loại cụ thể trong một tiêu chuẩn kim loại và sử dụng mà không có bất kỳ định nghĩa nghiêm ngặt. Mặc dù có những khác biệt giữa ASTM và các định nghĩa truyền thống của những điều khoản ASTM đã áp dụng một số quy tắc lỏng lẻo để sử dụng thuật ngữ này trong hệ thống tên gọi của họ:Ví dụ 1 - ASTM một lớp 106-02a A, lớp B, lớp C - liền mạch Carbon thép ống cho nhiệt độ cao dịch vụ:• Thường tăng trong bảng chữ cái (chẳng hạn như các chữ cái A, B, C) dẫn đến cao hơn độ bền kéo hoặc mang lại sức mạnh thép, và nếu nó là một thép không có trộn carbon, sự gia tăng trong nội dung cacbon;• Trong trường hợp này: lớp A:0.25%C (tối đa), 48 ksi bền (phút); Lớp B: 0.30%C (tối đa), 60 ksi bền (phút); Lớp C 0.35%C (tối đa), 70 ksi bền (phút).Ví dụ 2 - ASTM một 276-03, gõ 304, 316, 410-không gỉ và nhiệt chống lại quán Bar thép và hình dạng:Loại 304, 316, 410 và những người khác dựa trên hệ thống tên gọi SAE cho thép không gỉ (xem SAE và cựu mô tả AISI sau).Một sử dụng của ASTM lớp đều nằm trong đường ống, ống, và giả mạo sản phẩm, nơi chữ cái đầu tiên P dùng để chỉ ống, T dùng để chỉ ống, TP có thể là ống hoặc ống, và F đề cập đến rèn.Ví dụ được tìm thấy trong các đặc điểm kỹ thuật ASTM sau đây:• ASTM một 335/A335-03, lớp P22; Dàn ống thép hợp kim Ferit nhiệt độ cao dịch vụ nào;• ASTM một 213/A213M-03a, lớp T22; Liền mạch Ferit và giãn nở các hợp kim thép lò hơi, Superheater và trao đổi nhiệt ống;• ASTM một 312/A312M-03, lớp TP304; Liền mạch và Hàn không gỉ Thép austenit bền ống;• ASTM một 336/A336M-03a, lớp F22-thép rèn, hợp kim, áp suất và nhiệt độ cao phần.Hai báo 2:SAE không gỉ thép200 series-hợp kim Crom niken, mangan giãn nở201-giãn nở; hardenable thông qua làm việc lạnh202-giãn nở; trơn bằng thép không gỉ300 series-hợp kim giãn nở Crom-niken301-rất dễ uốn, cho hình thành sản phẩm. Cũng cứng nhanh chóng trong cơ khí làm việc. Tính tốt. Tốt hơn mặc sức đề kháng và mệt mỏi sức mạnh hơn 304.302-cùng một chống ăn mòn là 304, với sức mạnh cao hơn một chút do thêm cacbon.303-gia công dễ dàng hơn phiên bản của 304 thông qua bổ sung của lưu huỳnh và phốtpho. Cũng được gọi là "A1" phù hợp với tiêu chuẩn ISO 3506.304-lớp phổ biến nhất; thép không gỉ 18/8 cổ điển. Cũng được gọi là "A2" phù hợp với tiêu chuẩn ISO 3506.304L — thêm thấp cacbon Phiên bản của 304 được sử dụng rộng rãi trong việc hàn.309-cung cấp tốt hơn sức đề kháng nhiệt độ hơn 304316-lớp thứ hai phổ biến nhất (sau khi 304); cho thực phẩm và sử dụng phẫu thuật thép không gỉ; Ngoài ra hợp kim Molybdenum ngăn chặn các hình thức cụ thể của sự ăn mòn. 316 thép được sử dụng trong sản xuất và xử lý thực phẩm và dược phẩm, nơi nó thường được yêu cầu để giảm thiểu ô nhiễm kim loại. Nó cũng được biết đến như là thép không gỉ hàng hải cấp do của nó tăng sức đề kháng để ăn mòn clorua so với loại 304. SS316 thường được sử dụng để xây dựng nhà máy hạt nhân tái chế.Hầu hết không gỉ đồng hồ được thực hiện về điều này. Cũng được gọi là "A4" phù hợp với tiêu chuẩn ISO 3506. 316Ti (trong đó bao gồm Titan cho nhiệt điện trở) được sử dụng trong lớp lót linh hoạt ống khói, và có thể chịu được nhiệt độ lên đến 2000 độ Fahrenheit, nhiệt độ có thể nóng nhất của một đám cháy ống khói.316L — thêm thấp cacbon Phiên bản của 316.317-hợp kim 317LMN và 317L là mang molypden giãn nở không gỉ thép với rất nhiều tăng sức đề kháng để tấn công hóa học so với thông thường Crom-niken giãn nở không gỉ thép như hợp kim 304. Ngoài ra, hợp kim 317LMN và 317L cung cấp cao leo, căng thẳng để vỡ và căng sức mạnh ở các nhiệt độ cao hơn thông thường không gỉ thép. Tất cả đều carbon thấp hoặc các lớp "L" để cung cấp khả năng chống nhạy cảm trong quá trình hàn và các quá trình nhiệt khác. Tên gọi "M" và "N" chỉ ra rằng những tác phẩm có mức tăng của molypden và nitơ tương ứng. Sự kết hợp của molypden và nitơ là đặc biệt hiệu quả trong việc tăng cường khả năng chống ăn mòn rỗ và crevice, đặc biệt là trong quá trình dòng có chứa axit, clorua, và hợp chất lưu huỳnh ở nhiệt độ cao. Nitơ cũng phục vụ để tăng sức mạnh của các hợp kim của chúng. Cả hai hợp kim được dành cho điều kiện nghiêm trọng dịch vụ như ống khói khí desulfurization (FGD) hệ thống.321-tương tự như nguy cơ 304 nhưng thấp hơn của phân rã hàn do bổ sung của Titan.400 series — Crom Ferit và thép hợp kim405 — một Ferit đặc biệt là làm cho Hàn ứng dụng408 — chịu nhiệt; người nghèo ăn mòn; 11% crôm, 8% niken.409-loại với giá rẻ nhất; được sử dụng cho xe ô tô lỏng; Ferit (sắt/Crom chỉ).410-thép (cường độ cao sắt/Crom). Mòn, nhưng ít khả năng kháng ăn mòn.416-dễ dàng để máy do bổ sung lưu huỳnh420 — dao kéo-grade thép; tương tự như của Brearley gốc rustless thép. Tuyệt vời polishability.430-trang trí, được sử dụng cho ô tô trim; Ferit. Formability tốt, nhưng với giảm sức đề kháng nhiệt độ và ăn mòn.440 — một lớp cao hơn của thép dao kéo, với thêm cacbon trong đó, cho phép duy trì cạnh tốt hơn nhiều khi thép nhiệt đúng cách. Nó có thể được cứng để xung quanh thành phố Rockwell 58 độ cứng, làm cho nó một thép không gỉ khó khăn nhất. Do độ dẻo dai và chi phí tương đối thấp, đặt hiển thị chỉ và bản sao của nó kiếm hoặc dao được làm bằng 440 không gỉ. Cũng được gọi là lưỡi dao cạo thép. Có sẵn trong bốn lớp: 440A, 440B, 440C, và phổ biến 440F (miễn phí machinable). 440A, có số tiền ít nhất của cacbon trong đó, là các đặt vết chịu; 440C, có nhiều nhất, là mạnh nhất và thường được coi là một sự lựa chọn hơn mong muốn trong knifemaking hơn 440A ngoại trừ lặn hoặc các ứng dụng nước mặn.446-cho dịch vụ nhiệt độ cao.500 series-chống lại nhiệt hợp kim Crom600 series — mưa thép hợp kim cứng601 thông qua 604: thép Thép hợp kim thấp.610 thông qua 613: thép thép cứng thứ cấp.614 thông qua 619: Crom thép thép.630 thông qua 635: Semiaustenitic và thép không gỉ thép mưa-cứng. Loại 630 là phổ biến nhất mưa-cứng không gỉ, tốt hơn được gọi là 17-4; 17% crôm, 4% niken.650 thông qua 653: Thép austenit bền tăng cường bởi làm việc nóng/lạnh.660 thông qua 665: giãn nở superalloys; Tất cả các lớp trừ hợp kim 661 được củng cố bởi giai đoạn thứ hai mưa.15-5 InoxCòn được gọi là một độ PH, hay mưa cứng, lớp thép không rỉ, hợp kim này được sử dụng rất nhiều trong ngành công nghiệp máy bay một phần do sức mạnh của nó, và cũng bởi vì có một loạt các phương pháp điều trị nhiệt để lựa chọn để đạt được độ cứng đã chỉ định hoặc thuộc tính khác.17-4 thép không rỉ Stee
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Bài báo 1:
Introduction to the ASTM Designation System
Abstract:
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws.
Steel standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of the different types of steels, which are primarily used in the production of mechanical components, industrial parts, and construction elements. The most widely used standard specifications for steel products in the United States are those published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. In many cases, the dimensions, tolerances, limits, and restrictions in the ASTM specifications are similar to or the same as the corresponding items in the standard practices contained in the AISI Steel Products Manuals.
Many of the ASTM specifications have been adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) with little or no modification; ASME uses the prefix S and the ASTM designation for these specifications. For example, ASME-SA213 and ASTM A 213 are identical.
ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws. Metric ASTM standards have a suffix letter M.
Examples of the ASTM ferrous metal designation system, describing its use of specification numbers and letters, are shown below:
Example - ASTM A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303Se-Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars:
• ‘A’ describes a ferrous metal, but does not sub classify it as cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, or stainless steel;
• 582 is a sequential number without any relationship to the metal’s properties;
• M indicates that the standard A582M is written in rationalized SI units (the M comes from the word Metric), hence together 582/A582M includes both inch-pound and SI units;
• 95 indicates the year of adoption or last revision and a letter b following the year indicates the third revision of the standard in1995;
• (2000), a number in parentheses, indicates the year of last re-approval;
• Grade 300Se indicates the grade of the steel, and in this case, it has a Se (selenium) addition.
Within the steel industry, the terms Grade, Type, and Class are generally defined as follows: Grade is used to describe chemical composition; Type is used to define the deoxidation practice; and Class is used to indicate other characteristics such as strength level or surface finish. However, within the ASTM standards, these terms were adopted and used to identify a particular metal within a metal standard and used without any strict definition. Although there are differences between the ASTM and traditional definitions of these terms ASTM have applied some loose rules to the use of this terminology in their designation system :
Example 1 - ASTM A 106-02a Grade A, Grade B, Grade C - Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service:
• Typically an increase in alphabet (such as letters A, B, C) results in higher tensile or yield strength steels, and if it’s an unalloyed carbon steel, an increase in carbon content;
• In this case: Grade A:0.25%C (max), 48 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade B: 0.30%C (max), 60 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade C 0.35%C (max), 70 ksi tensile strength (min).
Example 2 - ASTM A 276-03, Type 304, 316, 410 – Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes:
Types 304, 316, 410 and others are based on the SAE designation system for stainless steels (see SAE and former AISI description that follows).
Another use of ASTM grade designators is found in pipe, tube, and forging products, where the first letter P refers to pipe, T refers to tube, TP may refer to tube or pipe, and F refers to forging.
Examples are found in the following ASTM specifications:
• ASTM A 335/A335-03, Grade P22; Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service;
• ASTM A 213/A213M-03a, Grade T22; Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes;
• ASTM A 312/A312M-03, Grade TP304; Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe;
• ASTM A 336/A336M-03a, Class F22-Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts.
Bài báo 2:
SAE Stainless Steels
200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
201—austenitic; hardenable through cold working
202—austenitic; general purpose stainless steel
300 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel alloys
301—highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304.
302—same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
303—easier machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304—the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304L—extra low carbon version of 304 used extensively in welding.
309—offers better temperature resistance than 304
316—the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. 316 steel is used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. SS316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Most stainless steel watches are made of this. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506. 316Ti (which includes titanium for heat resistance) is used in flexible chimney liners, and is able to withstand temperatures up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest possible temperature of a chimney fire.
316L—extra low carbon version of 316.
317—Alloy 317LMN and 317L are molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels with greatly increased resistance to chemical attack as compared to the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels such as Alloy 304. In addition, 317LMN and 317L alloys offer higher creep, stress-to-rupture, and tensile strengths at elevated temperatures than conventional stainless steels. All are low carbon or "L" grades to provide resistance to sensitization during welding and other thermal processes. The "M" and "N" designations indicate that the compositions contain increased levels of molybdenum and nitrogen respectively. The combination of molybdenum and nitrogen is particularly effective in enhancing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in process streams containing acids, chlorides, and sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures. Nitrogen also serves to increase the strength of these alloys. Both alloys are intended for severe service conditions such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
321—similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium.
400 Series—ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
405—a ferritic especially made for welding applications
408—heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
409—cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
410—martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
416—easy to machine due to additional sulfur
420—Cutlery-grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
430—decorative, used for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.
440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it, which allows for much better edge retention when the steel is heat-treated properly. It can be hardened to around Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known as razor blade steel. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered a more desirable choice in knifemaking than 440A except for diving or other salt-water applications.
446—For elevated temperature service.
500 Series—heat-resisting chromium alloys
600 Series—martensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Type 630 is most common precipitation-hardening stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.
650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
15-5 Stainless Steel
Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties.
17-4 Stainless Stee
Introduction to the ASTM Designation System
Abstract:
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws.
Steel standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of the different types of steels, which are primarily used in the production of mechanical components, industrial parts, and construction elements. The most widely used standard specifications for steel products in the United States are those published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers, specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. In many cases, the dimensions, tolerances, limits, and restrictions in the ASTM specifications are similar to or the same as the corresponding items in the standard practices contained in the AISI Steel Products Manuals.
Many of the ASTM specifications have been adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) with little or no modification; ASME uses the prefix S and the ASTM designation for these specifications. For example, ASME-SA213 and ASTM A 213 are identical.
ASTM’s designation system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials) followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These designations often apply to specific products, for example A548 is applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or sheet metal screws. Metric ASTM standards have a suffix letter M.
Examples of the ASTM ferrous metal designation system, describing its use of specification numbers and letters, are shown below:
Example - ASTM A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303Se-Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars:
• ‘A’ describes a ferrous metal, but does not sub classify it as cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, or stainless steel;
• 582 is a sequential number without any relationship to the metal’s properties;
• M indicates that the standard A582M is written in rationalized SI units (the M comes from the word Metric), hence together 582/A582M includes both inch-pound and SI units;
• 95 indicates the year of adoption or last revision and a letter b following the year indicates the third revision of the standard in1995;
• (2000), a number in parentheses, indicates the year of last re-approval;
• Grade 300Se indicates the grade of the steel, and in this case, it has a Se (selenium) addition.
Within the steel industry, the terms Grade, Type, and Class are generally defined as follows: Grade is used to describe chemical composition; Type is used to define the deoxidation practice; and Class is used to indicate other characteristics such as strength level or surface finish. However, within the ASTM standards, these terms were adopted and used to identify a particular metal within a metal standard and used without any strict definition. Although there are differences between the ASTM and traditional definitions of these terms ASTM have applied some loose rules to the use of this terminology in their designation system :
Example 1 - ASTM A 106-02a Grade A, Grade B, Grade C - Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service:
• Typically an increase in alphabet (such as letters A, B, C) results in higher tensile or yield strength steels, and if it’s an unalloyed carbon steel, an increase in carbon content;
• In this case: Grade A:0.25%C (max), 48 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade B: 0.30%C (max), 60 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade C 0.35%C (max), 70 ksi tensile strength (min).
Example 2 - ASTM A 276-03, Type 304, 316, 410 – Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes:
Types 304, 316, 410 and others are based on the SAE designation system for stainless steels (see SAE and former AISI description that follows).
Another use of ASTM grade designators is found in pipe, tube, and forging products, where the first letter P refers to pipe, T refers to tube, TP may refer to tube or pipe, and F refers to forging.
Examples are found in the following ASTM specifications:
• ASTM A 335/A335-03, Grade P22; Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service;
• ASTM A 213/A213M-03a, Grade T22; Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes;
• ASTM A 312/A312M-03, Grade TP304; Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe;
• ASTM A 336/A336M-03a, Class F22-Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts.
Bài báo 2:
SAE Stainless Steels
200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
201—austenitic; hardenable through cold working
202—austenitic; general purpose stainless steel
300 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel alloys
301—highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304.
302—same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
303—easier machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304—the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506.
304L—extra low carbon version of 304 used extensively in welding.
309—offers better temperature resistance than 304
316—the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. 316 steel is used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. SS316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Most stainless steel watches are made of this. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506. 316Ti (which includes titanium for heat resistance) is used in flexible chimney liners, and is able to withstand temperatures up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest possible temperature of a chimney fire.
316L—extra low carbon version of 316.
317—Alloy 317LMN and 317L are molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels with greatly increased resistance to chemical attack as compared to the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels such as Alloy 304. In addition, 317LMN and 317L alloys offer higher creep, stress-to-rupture, and tensile strengths at elevated temperatures than conventional stainless steels. All are low carbon or "L" grades to provide resistance to sensitization during welding and other thermal processes. The "M" and "N" designations indicate that the compositions contain increased levels of molybdenum and nitrogen respectively. The combination of molybdenum and nitrogen is particularly effective in enhancing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in process streams containing acids, chlorides, and sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures. Nitrogen also serves to increase the strength of these alloys. Both alloys are intended for severe service conditions such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
321—similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium.
400 Series—ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
405—a ferritic especially made for welding applications
408—heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
409—cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
410—martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
416—easy to machine due to additional sulfur
420—Cutlery-grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
430—decorative, used for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.
440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it, which allows for much better edge retention when the steel is heat-treated properly. It can be hardened to around Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Also known as razor blade steel. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered a more desirable choice in knifemaking than 440A except for diving or other salt-water applications.
446—For elevated temperature service.
500 Series—heat-resisting chromium alloys
600 Series—martensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Type 630 is most common precipitation-hardening stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.
650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
15-5 Stainless Steel
Also known as a PH, or precipitation-hardening, grade of stainless, this alloy is used a great deal in the aircraft industry in part due to its strength, and also because there are a wide range of heat treatments to choose from to reach a specified hardness or other properties.
17-4 Stainless Stee
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