100:00:04,994 --> 00:00:08,304NARRATOR: Kosutnjak Park,outside the Serbian capital, Belgrade.200:00:09,514 --> 00:00:13,951In May 1914, a Bosnian student, Gavrilo Princip,300:00:14,034 --> 00:00:16,343came here with a Browning pistol400:00:16,434 --> 00:00:18,664for some target practice.500:00:23,714 --> 00:00:26,069Princip was 19 years old600:00:26,154 --> 00:00:29,988According to his instructor,he was not a very good shot.700:00:30,074 --> 00:00:32,713Other students were much more confident800:00:32,794 --> 00:00:36,753Whenever Princip missed the targetpeople standing around would laugh at him900:00:36,834 --> 00:00:38,790That would drive him to tears1000:00:41,754 --> 00:00:47,590Out of sight in the forest, he hada chance to get his eye in, shooting at trees.1100:00:47,674 --> 00:00:50,791His ultimate goal was far more ambitious.1200:00:50,874 --> 00:00:53,832PRINCIP:I am an adherent of the radical anarchist idea1300:00:53,914 --> 00:00:58,669which aims at destroying the present systemthrough terrorim1400:00:58,754 --> 00:01:01,427In 1914, Princip's wish was granted.1500:01:39,794 --> 00:01:42,786The First World War began almost by accident.1600:01:42,874 --> 00:01:45,149It ended just as strangely.1700:01:45,234 --> 00:01:49,512In between, it was more destructivethan any war had ever been.1800:01:50,714 --> 00:01:56,027More British, French and Italian soldiers diedin the First World War than died in the Second.1900:02:03,074 --> 00:02:09,468It was the first genuinely global conflict, foughtnot just on the fields of France and Flanders,2000:02:09,554 --> 00:02:13,627but up mountains, across deserts,at sea and in the air.2100:02:17,514 --> 00:02:20,551The First World War shaped the 20th century.2200:02:20,634 --> 00:02:23,353It sparked the Russian Revolution.2300:02:24,314 --> 00:02:26,350It launched America as a world power.2400:02:30,594 --> 00:02:32,983The fault lines from its failed peace settlement2500:02:33,074 --> 00:02:37,033led the world to a second terrible warbarely 20 years later,2600:02:37,114 --> 00:02:39,070then to the Cold War.2700:02:42,474 --> 00:02:45,432But the ideas the men of 1914 fought for2800:02:45,514 --> 00:02:48,233still shape our world today:2900:02:48,314 --> 00:02:53,069nationalism and democracy, the ruleof international law, and the rights of nations.3000:02:56,394 --> 00:02:58,908Now, after the collapse of Communism,3100:02:58,994 --> 00:03:03,909the European map resembles the oneredrawn by the First World War.3200:03:03,994 --> 00:03:06,554We live with its unresolved,bitter consequences:3300:03:06,634 --> 00:03:09,307in the Middle East and the Balkans.3400:03:09,394 --> 00:03:14,787And it was in the Balkans that it all began,nearly a hundred years ago.3500:03:21,114 --> 00:03:23,947At the start of the 20th century, as at its close,3600:03:24,034 --> 00:03:27,026the Balkanswere the most unstable part of Europe.3700:03:27,114 --> 00:03:30,663Here, three great empiresfought for power and influence:3800:03:30,754 --> 00:03:34,030the Austro-Hungarian,the Russian and the Ottoman.3900:03:41,474 --> 00:03:45,149For hundreds of years,the Ottoman Turks had the upper hand.4000:03:45,234 --> 00:03:48,032Serbia, Bosnia, Albania,were under their control.4100:03:54,834 --> 00:03:56,984They built over 80 mosquesin Serbian Belgrade.4200:03:58,074 --> 00:04:00,872But by the 1900s, only this one was left.4300:04:03,834 --> 00:04:08,862Serbia had thrown the Turks out andset herself up as an independent Slav kingdom.4400:04:10,754 --> 00:04:12,710(Chanting)4500:04:14,034 --> 00:04:18,391But right on Serbia's border wasan even greater challenge to Slav nationalism:4600:04:18,474 --> 00:04:20,430the Austro-Hungarian Empire.4700:04:23,194 --> 00:04:25,389The old Turks of the south have gone4800:04:26,674 --> 00:04:28,790But new enemies come from the north4900:04:28,874 --> 00:04:31,513more fearsome and dangerous than the old5000:04:31,594 --> 00:04:37,066They want to take our freedomand our language from us and crush us5100:04:43,434 --> 00:04:47,427Gavrilo Principwas born in a poor, mountainous part of Bosnia.5200:04:54,914 --> 00:04:57,747His house was destroyedin the Balkan wars of the 1990s.5300:05:03,794 --> 00:05:08,788His initials, carved in 1909,are one of the few signs he ever lived here.5400:05:13,314 --> 00:05:14,429The year before,5500:05:14,514 --> 00:05:18,507control of Bosnia had been wrestedfrom the Turks by the Austro-Hungarians,5600:05:18,594 --> 00:05:20,824the enemy Princip wanted to destroy.5700:05:26,034 --> 00:05:29,470His particular target was the heirto the Austro-Hungarian throne,5800:05:29,554 --> 00:05:33,832Franz Ferdinand,member of the ruling family, the Hapsburgs.5900:05:46,794 --> 00:05:52,187That extraordinary empire knownas the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy6000:05:52,274 --> 00:05:55,983is less an empire or a kingdom or a state6100:05:56,074 --> 00:05:58,713than the personal property of the Hapsburgs6200:05:58,794 --> 00:06:04,505whose hereditary talent for the acquisition ofland is recorded on the map of Europe today6300:06:08,634 --> 00:06:12,991The Empire was ruledby Franz Ferdinand's uncle, Franz Joseph.6400:06:13,074 --> 00:06:15,030He sat on two thrones,6500:06:15,114 --> 00:06:17,389as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.6600:06:22,194 --> 00:06:26,233By 1914, he'd been in charge for 66 years.6700:06:26,314 --> 00:06:29,272He'd spent themtrying to resist change of any kind.6800:06:31,714 --> 00:06:37,391Hardly ever seen out of military uniform,he hated the idea of political reform.6900:06:37,474 --> 00:06:40,068As he told US President Theodore Roosevelt,7000:06:40,154 --> 00:06:43,908You see in me the last European monarchof the old school7100:06:51,354 --> 00:06:54,983Austria-Hungarywas a key part of European security,7200:06:55,074 --> 00:06:59,192a multi-national empirekeeping the peace on the borders of the West.7300:07:00,994 --> 00:07:05,351The capital, Vienna, was oneof the great cosmopolitan centres of Europe.7400:07:05,434 --> 00:07:10,188This was the Empire that produced Freudand Mahler, Schiele, Kafka and Strauss.7500:07:11,554 --> 00:07:14,591It contained at least ten different nationalities.7600:07:14,674 --> 00:07:17,871Not just Austrians and Hungarians,but Czechs, Slovaks,7700:07:17,954 --> 00:07:22,903Poles, Romanians, Italians,Croats and Bosnians.7800:07:26,034 --> 00:07:29,026A guide was preparedby the British Foreign Office,7900:07:29,114 --> 00:07:31,025to help work out who was who.8000:07:31,114 --> 00:07:34,504Teutons anti-Slav vigorous and unpleasant8100:07:37,554 --> 00:07:41,103manly and patriotic very tall big noses8200:07:41,194 --> 00:07:43,867Slovaks Ignorant but artitic8300:07:43,954 --> 00:07:46,514Ruthenes savage and ignorant but musical8400:07:46,594 --> 00:07:51,145Czechs energetic forceful intensely national8500:07:51,234 --> 00:07:55,068But it was also an empirein a state of constant crisis.8600:07:55,154 --> 00:07:58,226Pols all for Polish independence8700:07:58,314 --> 00:08:01,033Bosnian Serbs Pro-Yugoslav8800:08:01,114 --> 00:08:03,070Italians anti-Austrian8900:08:06,114 --> 00:08:10,392In all the Empire, only the Hungariansand Austrians had any real power,9000:08:10,474 --> 00:08:13,432and the Hungariansrefused to share it with the rest.9100:08:20,234 --> 00:08:24,512For countries like Serbia,Austria-Hungary was the prison of nations,9200:08:24,594 --> 00:08:29,270a repressive, undemocratic state,that ground small peoples under its heel.9300:08:36,274 --> 00:08:39,311In 1905,there were nationalist demonstrations in Vienna.9400:08:46,874 --> 00:08:48,944In 1912, there was rioting in Budapest.9500:08:51,794 --> 00:08:56,549By 1914, there had been ethnic unrest in nearlyevery part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.9600:08:56,634 --> 00:09:01,833Local parliaments were suspended,troops brought in to restore order.9700:09:07,514 --> 00:09:11,951Austria-Hungary's domestic problemsgave opportunities to her enemies.9800:09:16,274 --> 00:09:19,346Serbia wanted the break-up of the Empire.9900:09:19,434 --> 00:09:24,633She welcomed national unrest,particularly in Croatia and Bosnia.10000:09:27,274 --> 00:09:31,552Backed by Slav Russia, Serbia saw herselfas the only independent hope10100:09:31,634 --> 00:09:35,263for Slavs living under foreign rule in the Balkans.10200:09:35,354 --> 00:09:40,303She wanted to unite theminto a single South Slav state: Yugoslavia.10300:09:46,074 --> 00:09:50,386Dragutin Dimitrijevicwas an officer in the Serbian Army.10400:09:50,474 --> 00:09:53,944He opposed any kind of friendship with Austria.10500:09:55,634 --> 00:09:58,785DIMTRIJEVIC:The blind surrender to Austria's embrace10600:09:58,874 --> 00:10:02,583was a most shameful betrayalof Serbian traditions10700:10:02,674 --> 00:10:07,429I realised that Serbia must in full measurebecome the leader not only of Serbs10800:10:07,514 --> 00:10:09,470but of Yugoslavia10900:10:12,594 --> 00:10:16,712Dimitrijevic believedkilling kings could bring political change.11000:10:16,794 --> 00:10:18,750It had worked for him in the past.11100:10:23,194 --> 00:10:27,426In 1903 he led a palace revolution,killing the old King of Serbia,11200:10:27,514 --> 00:10:29,823who was too close to Austriafor the army's liking,11300:10:29,914
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