system is much less mature. HDR reservoir creation and use has been demonstrated at experimental sites in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, but not on a commercial scale.
The reservoir subsystem is developed by drilling wells into hot rock about 4 kilometers deep, and connecting the wells through hydraulic fracturing. Water, from a nearby fresh water well or other source, is pumped through one or more injection wells into the reservoir, where it is heated by contact with the hot rock, and then recovered through two or more production wells.
At the surface, the power plant subsystem converts the extracted heat to electricity using commercial binary power plant technology. First, the produced hot water passes through a heat exchanger, transferring heat to a working fluid in the power plant. The working fluid is characterized by a low boiling temperature; hydrocarbons such as iso-pentane, iso-
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