Models based on these experiments and calculations are characterized by an inverse micellar picture of Nation, in which sulfonate groups at the ends of pendant side chains extend into approximately spherical clusters of water and hydrated cations (2, 5). These clusters are surrounded by fluorocarbon material, which appears to contain microcrystalline regions accordingto experimental evidence (1, 4, 5). [These microcrystalline regions can be removed for salt forms by heating to 330~ followed by rapid quenching (4).] The cluster-network model of Gierke describes the ionic regions as spherical with interconnecting channels (2), an approach which is reasonably successful in predicting current efficiency in chlor-alkali cells. The more recent approach by Rodmacq and coworkers describes three "phases:" fluorocarbon micro crystal lites,ionic water clusters, and a second ionic region of lower ion content (4). This latter region may be that of sulfonates which have not been formally incorporated into ion clusters.
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