Compressive and flexural strength-gain characteristics of concrete containing GGBF slag can vary over a wide range. When compared to portland cement concrete, use of Grade 120 slag typically results in reduced strength at early ages (1 to 3 days) and increased strength at later ages (7 days and be- yond) (Hogan and Meusel 1981). Use of grade 100 results in lower strengths at early ages (1 to 21 days), but equal or greater strength at later ages. Grade 80 gives reduced strength at all ages. The extent to which GGBF slags affect strength is dependent on the slag activity index of the partic- ular GGBF slag, and the ratio in which it is used in the mix- ture. Fig. 5.1 indicates that the mortar strength potential of 50-percent blends is dependent upon the grade of GGBF slag as defined in ASTM C 989. Consistent and stable long-term strength gain beyond 20 years has been documented for con- crete made with portland blast-furnace slag cement (Type 1S) while exposed to moist or air curing (Wood 1992).Other factors that can affect the performance of GGBF slag in concrete are water-cementitious materials ratio, phys- ical and chemical characteristics of the portland cement, and curing conditions. As seen in Fig. 5.2, the percentage of strength gain achieved with a Grade 120 GGBF slag is great- er in concrete mixtures which have high water-cementitious materials ratio than in mixtures with a low water-cementi- tious materials ratio (Fulton 1974; Meusel and Rose 1983). The same trend was also noted by Malhotra (1980).
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