It is obvious that V > 1 and V ≤ 1 depending on whether r > y or r ≤ y. From the above, valuation is at par value (book value) when the excess spread is zero. Deviations from par result from both revenues and risks. Mark-to-model valuation reflects risk and excess revenues compared to the market benchmark.
Figure 8.5 shows two cases, with fair value above and below book value, from these two return and risk adjustments. The risk adjustment results from discounting at a rate
y > yf , with a risk premium over the risk-free rate. The return adjustment corresponds to the excess return r − yf of the asset above the risk-free rate. The overall adjustment nets
the two effects and results in the excess return of the asset over the risky discount rate, or r − y. If both adjustments compensate, implying y = r, the value remains at par.
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