How are APAs studied?Experiments intended to better understand APAs in self-induced stability perturbationsrequire experimental tasks that when performed, reliably induce APAs. Many researchershave used rapid arm-raising/reaching tasks to produce postural perturbations in theanterior direction (Belen’kii et al., 1967; Benvenuti et al., 1997; Bouisset & Zattara, 1987; DeWolf et al., 1998; Friedli et al., 1984; Gantchev & Dimitrova, 1996; Latash et al., 1995;Shiratori & Latash, 2001; Slijper et al., 2002; Strang & Berg, 2007; Strang et al., 2008; Strang etal., 2009. In this task paradigm, research participants typically stand bipedally with arms attheir sides, and respond to an auditory or visual stimulus by moving one or both armsforward and up in the saggital plane as quickly as possible using shoulder flexionexclusively (see Figure 1). This maneuver produces rapid forward-displacement of thecenter of mass (COM) and reliably elicits APAs in the lumbar paraspinal, abdominal, andhamstring muscles.Experiments on the role of APAs in externally-induced stability perturbations have utilizedmoving platforms (Timmann & Horak, 2001), pendulums (Santos et al., 2010), and onehanded catching tasks (Eckerle et al., 2011; Kazennikov & Lipshits, 2010; Lacquaniti &Maioli, 1989a, 1989b; Shiratori & Latash, 2001). APAs are important in catching because the
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