Introduction to the Classical Theory of Particles and FieldsGeometry o dịch - Introduction to the Classical Theory of Particles and FieldsGeometry o Việt làm thế nào để nói

Introduction to the Classical Theor

Introduction to the Classical Theory of Particles and Fields
Geometry of Minkowski Space ............................. 1
1.1 Spacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 AffineandMetricStructures.............................. 10
1.3 Vectors, Tensors, and n-Forms ............................ 22
1.4 LinesandSurfaces....................................... 32
1.5 Poincar´ e Invariance...................................... 38
1.6 WorldLines ............................................ 43
Notes....................................................... 48
2 Relativistic Mechanics ..................................... 51
2.1 Dynamical Law for Relativistic Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.2 TheMinkowskiForce .................................... 58
2.3 Invariants of the Electromagnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in Constant
and Uniform Electromagnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5 The Principle of Least Action. Symmetries
and Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.6 Reparametrization Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.7 SpinningParticle........................................ 98
2.8 Relativistic Kepler Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.9 A Charged Particle Driven by a Magnetic Monopole . . . . . . . . . 110
2.10 Collisions and Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Notes.......................................................118
3 Electromagnetic Field ..................................... 123
3.1 Geometric Contents of Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2 Physical Contents of Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.3 Other Forms of Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Notes.......................................................139XII Contents
4 Solutions to Maxwell’s Equations .......................... 141
4.1 Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.2 Solutions to Maxwell’s Equations: Some General Observations . 152
4.3 Free Electromagnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.4 The Retarded Green’s Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.5 CovariantRetardedVariables .............................174
4.6 Electromagnetic Field Generated by a Single Charge
Moving Along an Arbitrary Timelike World Line . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.7 Another Way of Looking at Retarded Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.8 FieldDuetoaMagneticMonopole ........................187
Notes.......................................................191
5 Lagrangian Formalism in Electrodynamics ................. 195
5.1 Action Principle. Symmetries and Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . 195
5.2 Poincar´ e Invariance......................................206
5.3 Conformal Invariance ....................................216
5.4 Duality Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.5 Gauge Invariance........................................228
5.6 StringsandBranes ......................................235
Notes.......................................................245
6 Self-Interaction in Electrodynamics ........................ 249
6.1 Rearrangement of Degrees of Freedom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
6.2 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.3 Energy-MomentumBalance...............................265
6.4 The Lorentz–Dirac Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
6.5 Alternative Methods of Deriving the Equation of Motion
foraDressedChargedParticle ............................278
Notes.......................................................283
7 Lagrangian Formalism for Gauge Theories ................. 285
7.1 The Yang–Mills–Wong Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.2 TheStandardModel.....................................294
7.3 Lattice Formulation of Gauge Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Notes.......................................................305
8 Solutions to the Yang–Mills Equations ..................... 307
8.1 The Yang–Mills Field Generated by a Single Quark . . . . . . . . . . 309
8.2 Ansatz.................................................317
8.3 The Yang–Mills Field Generated by Two Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
8.4 The Yang–Mills Field Generated by N Quarks ..............326
8.5 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.6 VorticesandMonopoles ..................................334
8.7 Two Phases of the Subnuclear Realm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Notes.......................................................348
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Introduction to the Classical Theory of Particles and FieldsGeometry of Minkowski Space ............................. 11.1 Spacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 AffineandMetricStructures.............................. 101.3 Vectors, Tensors, and n-Forms ............................ 221.4 LinesandSurfaces....................................... 321.5 Poincar´ e Invariance...................................... 381.6 WorldLines ............................................ 43Notes....................................................... 482 Relativistic Mechanics ..................................... 512.1 Dynamical Law for Relativistic Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.2 TheMinkowskiForce .................................... 582.3 Invariants of the Electromagnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in Constantand Uniform Electromagnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.5 The Principle of Least Action. Symmetriesand Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.6 Reparametrization Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902.7 SpinningParticle........................................ 982.8 Relativistic Kepler Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042.9 A Charged Particle Driven by a Magnetic Monopole . . . . . . . . . 1102.10 Collisions and Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Notes.......................................................1183 Electromagnetic Field ..................................... 1233.1 Geometric Contents of Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243.2 Physical Contents of Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273.3 Other Forms of Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Notes.......................................................139XII Contents4 Solutions to Maxwell’s Equations .......................... 1414.1 Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414.2 Solutions to Maxwell’s Equations: Some General Observations . 1524.3 Free Electromagnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574.4 The Retarded Green’s Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674.5 CovariantRetardedVariables .............................1744.6 Electromagnetic Field Generated by a Single ChargeMoving Along an Arbitrary Timelike World Line . . . . . . . . . . . . 1794.7 Another Way of Looking at Retarded Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1834.8 FieldDuetoaMagneticMonopole ........................187Notes.......................................................1915 Lagrangian Formalism in Electrodynamics ................. 1955.1 Action Principle. Symmetries and Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . 1955.2 Poincar´ e Invariance......................................2065.3 Conformal Invariance ....................................2165.4 Duality Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2255.5 Gauge Invariance........................................2285.6 StringsandBranes ......................................235Notes.......................................................2456 Self-Interaction in Electrodynamics ........................ 2496.1 Rearrangement of Degrees of Freedom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2496.2 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2586.3 Energy-MomentumBalance...............................2656.4 The Lorentz–Dirac Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2746.5 Alternative Methods of Deriving the Equation of MotionforaDressedChargedParticle ............................278Notes.......................................................2837 Lagrangian Formalism for Gauge Theories ................. 2857.1 The Yang–Mills–Wong Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2857.2 TheStandardModel.....................................2947.3 Lattice Formulation of Gauge Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Notes.......................................................3058 Solutions to the Yang–Mills Equations ..................... 3078.1 The Yang–Mills Field Generated by a Single Quark . . . . . . . . . . 3098.2 Ansatz.................................................3178.3 The Yang–Mills Field Generated by Two Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . 3208.4 The Yang–Mills Field Generated by N Quarks ..............3268.5 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3318.6 VorticesandMonopoles ..................................3348.7 Two Phases of the Subnuclear Realm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Notes.......................................................348
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Giới thiệu về Lý thuyết cổ điển của Hạt và Fields
Hình học của Minkowski Space ............................. 1
1.1 không thời gian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Một neandMetricStructures ffi .............................. 10
1.3 Vectors, tensor, và n-Forms ....... ..................... 22
1.4 LinesandSurfaces .......................... ............. 32
1.5 Poincar' e bất biến ............................... ....... 38
1.6 WorldLines ........................................ .... 43
Ghi chú ............................................ ........... 48
2 Cơ học tương đối tính ................................... .. 51
2.1 Dynamical Luật Tương đối cho hạt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.2 TheMinkowskiForce .................................... 58
2.3 bất biến của điện trường. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4 Chuyển động của một hạt Charged trong liên tục
và đồng nhất Electromagnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5 Nguyên tắc hành động nhỏ nhất. Đối xứng
và Luật Bảo tồn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.6 Reparametrization bất biến. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.7 SpinningParticle ........................................ 98
2.8 Tương đối Kepler vấn đề. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.9 Một Particle Charged dắt bởi một Monopole Magnetic. . . . . . . . . 110
2.10 Va chạm và phân rã. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Ghi chú ................................................ ....... 118
3 điện trường ..................................... 123
3.1 Nội dung hình học của phương trình Maxwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2 Nội dung vật lý của phương trình Maxwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.3 Các hình thức khác của phương trình Maxwell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Ghi chú ................................................ ....... 139XII Nội dung
4 giải pháp để phương trình Maxwell .......................... 141
4.1 Tĩnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.2 Các giải pháp về phương trình Maxwell: Một vài quan sát chung. 152
4.3 miễn phí Electromagnetic Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.4 Chức năng liên Retarded Green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.5 CovariantRetardedVariables ............................. 174
4.6 Dòng điện được tạo ra bởi một đơn Charge
Moving Cùng một Arbitrary Timelike Thế giới Line. . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.7 Một Chặng Nhìn Solutions Retarded. . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.8 FieldDuetoaMagneticMonopole ........................ 187
Ghi chú ..................... .................................. 191
5 hình thức Lagrange trong điện động lực .......... ....... 195
5.1 Nguyên tắc hành động. Đối xứng và Luật Bảo tồn. . . . . . . . 195
5.2 Poincar' e bất biến ...................................... 206
5.3 giác bất biến .. .................................. 216
5.4 Duality bất biến. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.5 Máy đo bất biến ........................................ 228
5.6 StringsandBranes Tự tương tác trong điện động lực ........................ 249 6.1 Bố trí các Degrees of Freedom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 6.2 xạ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 6.3 Năng lượng-MomentumBalance ............................... 265 6.4 Lorentz-Dirac Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 6.5 Các phương pháp thay thế của Thu được các phương trình chuyển động foraDressedChargedParticle ............................ 278 Ghi chú ......... .............................................. 283 7 Hình Thức Lagrangian cho lý thuyết đo ................. 285 7.1 Yang-Mills-Wong Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 7.2 TheStandardModel ..................................... 294 7.3 Lattice Xây dựng lý thuyết đo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Ghi chú ................................................ ....... 305 8 giải pháp đối với phương trình Yang-Mills ..................... 307 8.1 Yang-Mills Dòng Tạo ra bởi một Quark đơn. . . . . . . . . . 309 8.2 Ansatz ............................................... ..317 8.3 Yang-Mills Dòng Tạo ra bởi hai quark. . . . . . . . . . . . 320 8.4 Các Yang-Mills Dòng Tạo ra bởi N hạt quark .............. 326 8.5 Tính ổn định. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 8.6 VorticesandMonopoles .................................. 334 8.7 Hai giai đoạn của Vương Subnuclear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Ghi chú ................................................ ....... 348






















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