Bonds can also be issued by corporations, largely in the USA, where the market is verylarge. There is a weaker tradition of bond issues in Europe, though the market is growing. Ifthe bond is backed by security, it is known as a debenture, and a convertible bond is one thatcan be converted into another instrument (e.g., another type of bond or equity). In Japan,the falling stock market (since 1990) has meant bonds issued in 1990, to be converted10 years later, face a situation where the conversion price is higher than the current shareprice. Foreign bonds are issued by non-residents. For example, if a US company issues abond in the Australian market. They differ from eurobonds, which are issued by some firmsbut in a market outside the country where the firm is headquartered. For example, a USfirm with headquarters in Miami may issue dollar bonds on the London market. Junk orhigh yield bonds originated in the United States in the 1970s.
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