initially expands, having more Workers allows managers to break a job into smalltasks. Then each worker-including managers-can specialize by masteringnarrowly defined tasks rather than trying to be a jack-of-all-trades. The classicexample is Henry Ford’s assembly line, Which greatly reduced the cost ofproducing automobiles. Today, McDonald’s trains its Workers at “HamburgerUniversity”; then some Workers prepare food, some specialize in taking orders,anda few workers specialize in the drive-through window operationSecond, economies of scale results from greater efficiency of capital. Supposemachine A costs $1,000 and produces 1,000 units per day. Machine B costs$4,000, but it is technologically more effieient and has a capacity of 8,000 units per dayThe low-output firm will find it too costly to purchase machine B, so it usesmachine A, and its average cost is 1$.The large-scale firm can afford to punchasemachine B and produce more efficiently at a per-unit cost of only $0.50.The LRAC curve may not turn upward and form the U-shaped cost curve inexhibit 6.7. Between some levels of output, such as Q1 and Q2 in Exhibit 6.8,;the LRAC Curve no longer declines. In this range of output, the firm increase its plant size, but the LRAC curve remains flat. Economists call this situationconstant returns to scale. Constant returns to scale exists when the long-run average cost curve does not change as the firm increases output
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
