7 Generally speaking, most central banks, including the Federal Open MarketCommittee of U.S., conduct monetary policies through adjusting the target interestrates. In most cases, the target interest rates are decided with the consideration of theinflation rate; therefore, the real interest rate still plays an important role on thedecision process. The central bank could only affect the real interest rate throughadjusting the nominal interest rate. As we pointed out in our paper, there are time lagsin the interest rate pass-through mechanism (including the recognition lag, theadministrative lag, and the impact lag). Because of the existence of these time lags,most of the time the retail interest rate could not perfectly reflect the policy targetedinterest rate (For instance, our empirical results indicate that the U.S. lending ratepass-through mechanism is incomplete.), which in turn, may cause the monetarypolicy to be out of date or could not meet the needs of the economy. Therefore, there isthis possibility that movements in the nominal interest rates do not always correspondto those in the real interest rates that affects the real sector (consumption orinvestment).Table 7Summary and comparison of estimation results.Country Model Markup/markdown (d̂0)Pass-throughtype (d̂1)Pass-throughmechanism (MTAR test)Impact of interest ratefluctuation (ŝ)Asymmetry of theconditional variance (γ̂)Adjustmentrigidity (η̂1, η̂2)HypothesisHK DI_HK Incomplete Asymmetric Positive Upward Collusive pricingarrangementLI_HK Markup Incomplete Asymmetric Positive Positive DownwardIND DI_IND Markup IncompleteLI_IND Markup IncompleteJAP DI_JAP Incomplete PositiveLI_JAP Markup Incomplete PositiveKOA DI_KOA Markup Incomplete Negative PositiveLI_KOA Markup Incomplete Negative (leverage effect)MAL DI_MAL Markup Incomplete Asymmetric Negative UpwardLI_MAL Markup Incomplete PositivePHI DI_PHI Markup Incomplete Asymmetric Positive Upward Collusive pricingarrangementLI_PHI Markup Incomplete Asymmetric Negative DownwardSIG DI_SIG Markup Incomplete Asymmetric Positive UpwardLI_SIG Markup Incomplete Symmetric Negative PositiveTHA DI_THA Markup Incomplete Negative PositiveLI_THA Markup Incomplete Negative Negative (leverage effect)TWN DI_TWN Markup Incomplete Asymmetric Negative Positive Upward Collusive pricingarrangementLI_TWN Markup Incomplete Asymmetric – Positive DownwardUS DI_US Complete Symmetric Positive PositiveLI_US Markup Incomplete
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