- Văn bản
- Lịch sử
Sustainable LandscapesThe advent of
Sustainable Landscapes
The advent of high-performance green buildings is causing noteworthy
changes to the traditional notion of the constructed landscape. Landscape
design has typically been an afterthought in the conventional building
delivery system, and in many cases, it is given very low priority. As funding
for a project becomes tighter near the end of construction, it will likely
be the budget for the constructed landscape that will be reduced to the bare
minimum. The outcome of such conventional thinking is that landscape
224 Green Building Design
design is given short shrift, treated apart from the building rather than
integral to it. Today, the role of landscape design in high-performance
building is in a state of transition; some projects treat it conventionally,
while others realize that the role of the site is critical to the performance of
the buildings, both individually and collectively. Among these new roles are
to assist building heating and cooling, help control stormwater and elimi-
nate stormwater infrastructure, treat waste, provide food, and contribute to
biodiversity.
The concept of sustainable landscape predates the contemporary high-
performance green building movement. The term emerged in the vocabulary
of landscape architecture in 1988, when the Council of Educators in Land-
scape Architecture defined it as landscapes that contribute “. . . to human
well-being and at the same time are in harmony with the natural environ-
ment. They do not deplete or damage other ecosystems. While human activity
will have altered native patterns, a sustainable landscape will work with
native conditions in its structure and functions. Valuable resources—water,
nutrients, soil, etc.—and energy will be conserved, diversity of species will be
maintained and increased.”11 The movement to reconsider the role of land-
scape architecture was initiated by John Tillman Lyle with the publication of
his 1985 book, Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and
Natural Resources. It was almost a decade, however, before more was heard
on the subject of sustainable landscapes. In 1994, two volumes appeared,
coincidentally at the onset of the American green building movement:
Robert Thayer’s Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature and the
Sustainable Landscape, and another book by Lyle, Regenerative Design
for Sustainable Development.
In Design for Human Ecosystems, Lyle considered how landscape, land use,
and natural resources could be shaped to make the human ecosystem function in
the sustainable ways of natural ecosystems. He suggested that designers must
understand ecological order and how it operates at a wide variety of scales, from
minute to global. The understanding of ecological order has to be linked with
human values in order to develop solutions that are long-lasting, beneficial, and
responsible.
In Gray World, Green Heart, Thayer notes that landscape is the place where
“. . . the conflict between technology and nature is most easily sensed.”
A sustainable landscape, according to Thayer, would have the following
properties:
An alternative landscape where natural systems are dominant.
A landscape where resources are regenerated and energy is conserved. A landscape that allows us to see, understand, and resolve the battle between the forces of technology and nature.
A landscape where essential life functions are undertaken, revealed, and
celebrated.
A landscape where the incorporated technology is sustainable, the best of all possible choices, and can be considered part of nature.
A landscape that counters the frontier ethic of discovery, exploitation, exhaustion, and abandonment with one where we plant ourselves firmly, nurture the land, and prevent ecological impoverishment.
A landscape that responds to the loss of place with reliance on local
resources, celebration of local cultures, and preservation of local ecosystems.
A landscape that responds to the view that landscape is irrelevant by making the physical landscape pivotal to our existence.
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 225
Thayer admits that this vision is utopian but suggests that such a vision is
needed to give us direction. He goes on to provide five characteristics of a
sustainable landscape that are based on the function and organization of natural
landscapes:
1. Sustainable landscapes use primarily renewable, horizontal energy12 at
rates that can be regenerated without ecological destabilization.
2. Sustainable landscapes maximize the recycling of resources, nutrients,
and by-products, and produce minimum waste or conversion of mate-
rials to unusable locations or forms.
3. Sustainable landscapes maintain local structure and function and do not
reduce the diversity or stability of the surrounding ecosystems.
4. Sustainable landscapes preserve and serve local human communities
rather than change or destroy them.
5. Sustainable landscapes incorporate technologies that support these goals
and treat technology as secondary and subservient, not primary and
dominant.
As a cautionary note, Thayer also tells us that “Without sustainable values,
landscapes designed to be sustainable will be misused, become unsustainable,
and fail.” Contemporary American culture does not have a sense of, nor does it
value, place, and it is oriented toward consumption, profit, and waste. Creating
a sustainable landscape in the face of these values is challenging but necessary to
at least launch a countermovement that values nature and ecosystems and that
helps increase human awareness of their role in daily life (see Figure 8.3).
In Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, Lyle introduced
designers of the built environment to the concept of regenerative landscape,
reminding them, as John Dewey did in 1916, that “. . . the most notable dis-
tinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain
themselves by renewal.”13 He maintains that the developed landscape, the one
created and built by humans, should be able to survive within the bounds of
local energy and materials flows and that, in order to be sustainable, it must be
regenerative, which, in the case of landscape, means being capable of organic
self-renewal. Landscapes must be created using regenerative design, that is,
design that creates cyclical flows of matter and energy within the landscape.
According to Lyle, a regenerative system is one that provides for continuous
replacement, through its own functional processes, of the energy and materials
used in its operation. A regenerative system has the following characteristics:
Operational integration with natural processes and, by extension, with social processes
Minimum use of fossil fuels and man-made chemicals, except for backup applications
Minimum use of nonrenewable resources, except where future reuse or recycling is possible and likely
Use of renewable resources within their capacities for renewal
Composition and volume of wastes within the capacity of the environ-
ment to reassimilate them without damage
Lyle gained considerable experience with regenerative landscapes as a
professor at the 1-acre Center for Regenerative Studies that he founded at
California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, where faculty and students
worked with regenerative landscapes and technology to try to solve the daily
226 Green Building Design
Figure 8.3 (A) The landscape design for NASA’s Space Life Sciences Laboratory at
Kennedy Space Center in Florida is self-maintaining and was envisioned as a model of
environmental site design, with over 60,000 square feet of native grasses and wildflowers.
(B) The building orientation reduces heat load and minimizes encroachment into isolated wetlands. (Photos from Zamia Design, Inc.)
problems of providing shelter, food, energy, and water and dealing with waste.
He and his students took what was then a compacted cow pasture within sight of
a large landfill and created what a former center director, Joan Stafford,
described as a landscape that “. . . now yields armfuls of scented, exuberant
lavender, sage, [and] rosemary, growing from rejuvenated soils.”
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 227
TABLE 8.2
Principles of Sustainable Landscape Construction
Principle 1: Keep sites healthy. Ensure that biologically productive sites with healthy
ecosystems are not harmed by the building project. Special attention must be paid to
utility installation and road construction, which can be especially destructive to natural
systems.
Principle 2: Heal injured sites. Using grayfields, brownfields, or blackfields reduces pressures on biologically productive sites and can result in restoration of blighted properties to productive ecosystems.
Principle 3: Favor living, flexible materials. Slope erosion can be controlled with living
structures rather than artificial physical structures. Greenwalls, artificial structures that
provide a support system for living matter, may be needed in especially steep terrain.
Living materials on roofs create eco-roofs that provide additional green area and assist
heating and cooling.
Principle 4: Respect the waters of life. Water bodies, including wetlands, should be
protected and even restored. Rainwater can be harvested from roofs, stored in cisterns, and used for nonpotable applications. Landscape irrigation should be minimized and landscape designed to be durable and drought-tolerant.
Principle 5: Pave less. Paving destroys natural systems and should be minimized.
Stormwater should be quickly infiltrated through the use of porous concrete and asphalt
paving and through the use of pavers. Heat islands should be minimized by appropriate
landscaping.
Principle 6: Consider the origin and fate of materials. Minimize the impact of landscape materials by carefully analyzing their embodied
The advent of high-performance green buildings is causing noteworthy
changes to the traditional notion of the constructed landscape. Landscape
design has typically been an afterthought in the conventional building
delivery system, and in many cases, it is given very low priority. As funding
for a project becomes tighter near the end of construction, it will likely
be the budget for the constructed landscape that will be reduced to the bare
minimum. The outcome of such conventional thinking is that landscape
224 Green Building Design
design is given short shrift, treated apart from the building rather than
integral to it. Today, the role of landscape design in high-performance
building is in a state of transition; some projects treat it conventionally,
while others realize that the role of the site is critical to the performance of
the buildings, both individually and collectively. Among these new roles are
to assist building heating and cooling, help control stormwater and elimi-
nate stormwater infrastructure, treat waste, provide food, and contribute to
biodiversity.
The concept of sustainable landscape predates the contemporary high-
performance green building movement. The term emerged in the vocabulary
of landscape architecture in 1988, when the Council of Educators in Land-
scape Architecture defined it as landscapes that contribute “. . . to human
well-being and at the same time are in harmony with the natural environ-
ment. They do not deplete or damage other ecosystems. While human activity
will have altered native patterns, a sustainable landscape will work with
native conditions in its structure and functions. Valuable resources—water,
nutrients, soil, etc.—and energy will be conserved, diversity of species will be
maintained and increased.”11 The movement to reconsider the role of land-
scape architecture was initiated by John Tillman Lyle with the publication of
his 1985 book, Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and
Natural Resources. It was almost a decade, however, before more was heard
on the subject of sustainable landscapes. In 1994, two volumes appeared,
coincidentally at the onset of the American green building movement:
Robert Thayer’s Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature and the
Sustainable Landscape, and another book by Lyle, Regenerative Design
for Sustainable Development.
In Design for Human Ecosystems, Lyle considered how landscape, land use,
and natural resources could be shaped to make the human ecosystem function in
the sustainable ways of natural ecosystems. He suggested that designers must
understand ecological order and how it operates at a wide variety of scales, from
minute to global. The understanding of ecological order has to be linked with
human values in order to develop solutions that are long-lasting, beneficial, and
responsible.
In Gray World, Green Heart, Thayer notes that landscape is the place where
“. . . the conflict between technology and nature is most easily sensed.”
A sustainable landscape, according to Thayer, would have the following
properties:
An alternative landscape where natural systems are dominant.
A landscape where resources are regenerated and energy is conserved. A landscape that allows us to see, understand, and resolve the battle between the forces of technology and nature.
A landscape where essential life functions are undertaken, revealed, and
celebrated.
A landscape where the incorporated technology is sustainable, the best of all possible choices, and can be considered part of nature.
A landscape that counters the frontier ethic of discovery, exploitation, exhaustion, and abandonment with one where we plant ourselves firmly, nurture the land, and prevent ecological impoverishment.
A landscape that responds to the loss of place with reliance on local
resources, celebration of local cultures, and preservation of local ecosystems.
A landscape that responds to the view that landscape is irrelevant by making the physical landscape pivotal to our existence.
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 225
Thayer admits that this vision is utopian but suggests that such a vision is
needed to give us direction. He goes on to provide five characteristics of a
sustainable landscape that are based on the function and organization of natural
landscapes:
1. Sustainable landscapes use primarily renewable, horizontal energy12 at
rates that can be regenerated without ecological destabilization.
2. Sustainable landscapes maximize the recycling of resources, nutrients,
and by-products, and produce minimum waste or conversion of mate-
rials to unusable locations or forms.
3. Sustainable landscapes maintain local structure and function and do not
reduce the diversity or stability of the surrounding ecosystems.
4. Sustainable landscapes preserve and serve local human communities
rather than change or destroy them.
5. Sustainable landscapes incorporate technologies that support these goals
and treat technology as secondary and subservient, not primary and
dominant.
As a cautionary note, Thayer also tells us that “Without sustainable values,
landscapes designed to be sustainable will be misused, become unsustainable,
and fail.” Contemporary American culture does not have a sense of, nor does it
value, place, and it is oriented toward consumption, profit, and waste. Creating
a sustainable landscape in the face of these values is challenging but necessary to
at least launch a countermovement that values nature and ecosystems and that
helps increase human awareness of their role in daily life (see Figure 8.3).
In Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, Lyle introduced
designers of the built environment to the concept of regenerative landscape,
reminding them, as John Dewey did in 1916, that “. . . the most notable dis-
tinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain
themselves by renewal.”13 He maintains that the developed landscape, the one
created and built by humans, should be able to survive within the bounds of
local energy and materials flows and that, in order to be sustainable, it must be
regenerative, which, in the case of landscape, means being capable of organic
self-renewal. Landscapes must be created using regenerative design, that is,
design that creates cyclical flows of matter and energy within the landscape.
According to Lyle, a regenerative system is one that provides for continuous
replacement, through its own functional processes, of the energy and materials
used in its operation. A regenerative system has the following characteristics:
Operational integration with natural processes and, by extension, with social processes
Minimum use of fossil fuels and man-made chemicals, except for backup applications
Minimum use of nonrenewable resources, except where future reuse or recycling is possible and likely
Use of renewable resources within their capacities for renewal
Composition and volume of wastes within the capacity of the environ-
ment to reassimilate them without damage
Lyle gained considerable experience with regenerative landscapes as a
professor at the 1-acre Center for Regenerative Studies that he founded at
California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, where faculty and students
worked with regenerative landscapes and technology to try to solve the daily
226 Green Building Design
Figure 8.3 (A) The landscape design for NASA’s Space Life Sciences Laboratory at
Kennedy Space Center in Florida is self-maintaining and was envisioned as a model of
environmental site design, with over 60,000 square feet of native grasses and wildflowers.
(B) The building orientation reduces heat load and minimizes encroachment into isolated wetlands. (Photos from Zamia Design, Inc.)
problems of providing shelter, food, energy, and water and dealing with waste.
He and his students took what was then a compacted cow pasture within sight of
a large landfill and created what a former center director, Joan Stafford,
described as a landscape that “. . . now yields armfuls of scented, exuberant
lavender, sage, [and] rosemary, growing from rejuvenated soils.”
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 227
TABLE 8.2
Principles of Sustainable Landscape Construction
Principle 1: Keep sites healthy. Ensure that biologically productive sites with healthy
ecosystems are not harmed by the building project. Special attention must be paid to
utility installation and road construction, which can be especially destructive to natural
systems.
Principle 2: Heal injured sites. Using grayfields, brownfields, or blackfields reduces pressures on biologically productive sites and can result in restoration of blighted properties to productive ecosystems.
Principle 3: Favor living, flexible materials. Slope erosion can be controlled with living
structures rather than artificial physical structures. Greenwalls, artificial structures that
provide a support system for living matter, may be needed in especially steep terrain.
Living materials on roofs create eco-roofs that provide additional green area and assist
heating and cooling.
Principle 4: Respect the waters of life. Water bodies, including wetlands, should be
protected and even restored. Rainwater can be harvested from roofs, stored in cisterns, and used for nonpotable applications. Landscape irrigation should be minimized and landscape designed to be durable and drought-tolerant.
Principle 5: Pave less. Paving destroys natural systems and should be minimized.
Stormwater should be quickly infiltrated through the use of porous concrete and asphalt
paving and through the use of pavers. Heat islands should be minimized by appropriate
landscaping.
Principle 6: Consider the origin and fate of materials. Minimize the impact of landscape materials by carefully analyzing their embodied
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Bền vững phong cảnhSự ra đời của tòa nhà màu xanh lá cây hiệu suất cao gây ra đáng chú ý thay đổi đối với các khái niệm truyền thống của xây dựng cảnh quan. Cảnh quan thiết kế thường có là một suy nghĩ lại trong tòa nhà thông thường Hệ thống phân phối, và trong nhiều trường hợp, nó được đưa ra ưu tiên rất thấp. Như kinh phí cho một dự án trở nên chặt chẽ hơn gần cuối xây dựng, nó sẽ có khả năng là ngân sách cho cảnh quan xây dựng sẽ được giảm đến các trần tối thiểu. Kết quả của suy nghĩ thông thường như vậy là phong cảnh đó Thiết kế xây dựng màu xanh lá cây 224thiết kế được shrift ngắn, điều trị ngoài tòa nhà thay vì tách rời với nó. Hôm nay, vai trò của thiết kế cảnh quan trong hiệu suất cao Toà nhà nằm ở một nhà nước của quá trình chuyển đổi; một số dự án xử lý nó quy ước, trong khi những người khác nhận ra vai trò của các trang web là rất quan trọng đến hiệu suất của Các tòa nhà, cả hai cá nhân và tập thể. Trong số những vai trò mới để hỗ trợ xây dựng hệ thống sưởi và làm mát, giúp kiểm soát nước mưa và elimi-cơ sở hạ tầng nước mưa Nate, xử lý chất thải, cung cấp thực phẩm, và đóng góp cho đa dạng sinh học.Khái niệm bền vững phong cảnh trước đương đại cao-hiệu suất màu xanh lá cây xây dựng phong trào. Thuật ngữ xuất hiện trong từ vựng của kiến trúc cảnh quan năm 1988, khi hội đồng giáo dục trong đất -bố cục kiến trúc định nghĩa nó là phong cảnh đóng góp "... để con người phúc lợi và cùng một lúc hòa hợp với environ tự nhiên-ment. Họ không làm suy giảm hoặc phá hỏng hệ sinh thái khác. Trong khi hoạt động của con người sẽ có thay đổi nguồn gốc mẫu, một cảnh quan bền vững sẽ làm việc với nguồn gốc điều kiện trong cấu trúc và chức năng của nó. Tài nguyên có giá trị-nước, chất dinh dưỡng, đất, vv- và năng lượng sẽ được bảo tồn, đa dạng về loài sẽ duy trì và tăng."11 phong trào để xem xét lại vai trò của đất-bố cục kiến trúc đã được khởi xướng bởi John Tillman Lyle phát hành cuốn sách của ông năm 1985, thiết kế cho các hệ sinh thái của con người: cảnh quan, sử dụng đất, và Tài nguyên thiên nhiên. Nó là gần một thập kỷ, Tuy nhiên, trước khi thêm đã được nghe nói về đối tượng bền vững phong cảnh. Năm 1994, hai tập xuất hiện, Thật trùng hợp lúc bắt đầu của green Mỹ xây dựng phong trào: Robert Thayer màu xám thế giới, màu xanh lá cây Trung tâm: công nghệ, thiên nhiên và các Bền vững cảnh quan, và các cuốn sách khác của Lyle, tái tạo thiết kế phát triển bền vững.Trong thiết kế cho hệ sinh thái của con người, Lyle xem xét làm thế nào cảnh quan, sử dụng, đất và tài nguyên thiên nhiên có thể được định hình để thực hiện các chức năng hệ sinh thái của con người trong những cách bền vững của hệ sinh thái tự nhiên. Ông đề nghị rằng nhà thiết kế phải hiểu sinh thái đơn đặt hàng và làm thế nào nó hoạt động tại nhiều quy mô, từ phút để toàn cầu. Sự hiểu biết về sinh thái đơn đặt hàng đã được liên kết với Các giá trị con người để phát triển các giải pháp lâu dài, mang lại lợi ích, và chịu trách nhiệm.Trong thế giới màu xám, xanh tim, Thayer ghi chú rằng cảnh quan là nơi nơi "... cuộc xung đột giữa công nghệ và tính chất dễ dàng nhất là thọ cảm." Một cảnh quan bền vững, theo Thayer, sẽ có sau đây thuộc tính:Một cảnh quan khác nơi hệ thống tự nhiên được chi phối.Một cảnh quan nơi tài nguyên được tái tạo và năng lượng được bảo tồn. Một cảnh quan cho phép chúng ta nhìn thấy, hiểu, và giải quyết trận chiến giữa các lực lượng của công nghệ và thiên nhiên.Một cảnh quan nơi cuộc sống thiết yếu chức năng được thực hiện, tiết lộ, và tổ chức.Một cảnh quan nơi công nghệ hợp nhất là bền vững, tốt nhất của tất cả các lựa chọn có thể, và có thể được coi là một phần của thiên nhiên.Một cảnh quan công tơ đạo Đức biên giới của khám phá, khai thác, mệt mỏi, và bị bỏ rơi với một trong những nơi chúng tôi trồng chúng ta vững chắc, nuôi dưỡng đất, và ngăn chặn sinh thái nghèo.Một cảnh quan phản ứng với sự mất mát của vị trí với sự phụ thuộc vào địa phương tài nguyên, Lễ kỷ niệm của nền văn hóa địa phương, và bảo tồn hệ sinh thái địa phương.Một cảnh quan đáp ứng để xem phong cảnh là không thích hợp bằng cách làm cho cảnh quan vật lý quan trọng cho sự tồn tại của chúng tôi. Chương 8 các trang web bền vững và cảnh quan 225Thayer thừa nhận rằng tầm nhìn này là không tưởng nhưng cho thấy rằng một tầm nhìn cần thiết để cung cấp cho chúng tôi hướng. Ông đi vào để cung cấp các đặc điểm năm của một cảnh quan bền vững được dựa trên các chức năng và các tổ chức tự nhiên phong cảnh:1. bền vững phong cảnh sử dụng chủ yếu là tái tạo, ngang energy12 lúc tỷ giá có thể được tái tạo mà không có sinh thái destabilization.2. bền vững phong cảnh tối đa hóa việc tái chế các nguồn lực, chất dinh dưỡng, và bộ phận nội tạng, và sản phẩm chất thải tối thiểu hoặc chuyển đổi của mate- Rials để không sử dụng được vị trí hoặc hình thức.3. bền vững phong cảnh duy trì địa phương cấu trúc và chức năng và không giảm sự đa dạng hoặc ổn định của các hệ sinh thái xung quanh.4. bền vững phong cảnh bảo tồn và phục vụ cộng đồng địa phương của con người thay vì thay đổi hoặc tiêu diệt chúng.5. bền vững cảnh quan kết hợp công nghệ hỗ trợ các mục tiêu và xử lý công nghệ như trung học và subservient, không phải chính và chiếm ưu thế.Là một lưu ý cảnh báo, Thayer cũng nói với chúng ta rằng "không có giá trị bền vững, cảnh quan được thiết kế để được bền vững sẽ được lạm dụng, trở thành không bền vững, "và thất bại." Văn hóa đương đại người Mỹ không có một cảm giác, cũng không nó giá trị, địa điểm, và nó là định hướng theo hướng tiêu thụ, lợi nhuận, và chất thải. Tạo một cảnh quan bền vững khi đối mặt với những giá trị này là khó khăn nhưng cần thiết để ít khởi động một countermovement giá trị thiên nhiên và hệ sinh thái và mà giúp nâng cao nhận thức của con người của vai trò của họ trong cuộc sống hàng ngày (xem hình 8.3).Trong tái tạo thiết kế phát triển bền vững, Lyle giới thiệu nhà thiết kế của môi trường xây dựng các khái niệm về tái tạo cảnh quan, nhắc nhở họ, như John Dewey đã làm vào năm 1916, mà "... dis đáng chú ý nhất -tinction giữa sống và vô hồn điều là cựu duy trì bản thân mình bởi đổi mới."13 ông duy trì rằng cảnh phát triển, một trong những tạo và chế tạo bởi con người, có thể tồn tại trong các giới hạn của năng lượng địa phương và dòng chảy vật liệu và rằng, để được bền vững, nó phải tái tạo, trong đó, trong trường hợp của cảnh quan, có nghĩa là có khả năng hữu cơ gia hạn tự. Phong cảnh phải được tạo ra bằng cách sử dụng tái tạo thiết kế, có nghĩa là, thiết kế tạo ra các dòng chảy chu kỳ của vật chất và năng lượng trong cảnh quan. Theo Lyle, một hệ thống tái tạo là một trong đó cung cấp cho liên tục thay thế, thông qua các quá trình chức năng riêng của mình, năng lượng và vật liệu được sử dụng trong hoạt động của nó. Một hệ thống tái sinh có đặc điểm như sau:Tích hợp hoạt động với quá trình tự nhiên, và bằng cách mở rộng, với quá trình xã hộiTối thiểu sử dụng nhiên liệu hóa thạch và hóa chất nhân tạo, ngoại trừ các ứng dụng sao lưuTối thiểu sử dụng các nguồn tài nguyên nonrenewable, trừ trường hợp tái sử dụng trong tương lai hoặc tái chế có thể và khả năngSử dụng các nguồn tài nguyên tái tạo trong vòng của năng lực cho đổi mớiThành phần và khối lượng chất thải trong năng lực của environ-ment để reassimilate họ không bị hư hạiLyle đã đạt được nhiều kinh nghiệm với tái tạo cảnh quan như là một giáo sư tại Trung tâm 1 mẫu Anh tái tạo nghiên cứu mà ông thành lập Đại học Bách khoa bang California ở Pomona, nơi giảng viên và sinh viên làm việc với tái tạo cảnh quan và công nghệ để cố gắng giải quyết các hàng ngày Thiết kế xây dựng màu xanh lá cây 226Con số 8.3 (A) cảnh quan thiết kế cho phòng thí nghiệm của NASA không gian khoa học đời sống tại Trung tâm vũ trụ Kennedy ở Florida là tự duy trì và được hình dung như là một mô hình của thiết kế trang web môi trường, với hơn 60.000 feet vuông của cỏ bản địa và hoa dại.(B) định hướng xây dựng làm giảm tải nhiệt và giảm thiểu xâm lấn vào vùng đất ngập nước bị cô lập. (Hình ảnh từ Zamia thiết kế, Inc)vấn đề cung cấp chỗ ở, thực phẩm, năng lượng và nước và xử lý chất thải. Ông và sinh viên của ông đã là gì sau đó một con bò nén đồng cỏ trong tầm nhìn của một bãi rác lớn và tạo ra một trung tâm cựu giám đốc, Joan Stafford, Mô tả như là một cảnh quan mà "... bây giờ mang lại armfuls thơm, exuberant Hoa oải hương, sage, [và] rosemary, phát triển từ rejuvenated đất."Chương 8 các trang web bền vững và cảnh quan 2278.2 BẢNGCác nguyên tắc của xây dựng bền vững phong cảnhNguyên tắc 1: Giữ cho các trang web lành mạnh. Đảm bảo rằng sinh học sản xuất các trang web có khỏe mạnh Hệ sinh thái không bị tàn phá bởi dự án xây dựng. Đặc biệt chú ý phải được thanh toán cho Tiện ích cài đặt và đường xây dựng, mà có thể đặc biệt là phá hoại tự nhiên Hệ thống.Nguyên tắc 2: Chữa lành chấn thương các trang web. Bằng cách sử dụng grayfields, brownfields hoặc blackfields làm giảm áp lực trên các trang web sản xuất sinh học và có thể dẫn đến phục hồi tài sản blighted để sản xuất các hệ sinh thái.Nguyên tắc 3: Ưu tiên tài liệu sống, linh hoạt. Độ dốc xói mòn có thể được kiểm soát với cuộc sống cấu trúc chứ không phải nhân tạo cấu trúc vật lý. Greenwalls, nhân tạo cấu trúc mà cung cấp một hệ thống hỗ trợ cho cuộc sống vấn đề, có thể là cần thiết trong địa hình đặc biệt là dốc. Tài liệu sống trên mái nhà tạo sinh thái mái nhà cung cấp bổ sung màu xanh lá cây lá và hỗ trợ sưởi ấm và làm mát.Nguyên tắc 4: Tôn trọng các vùng biển của cuộc sống. Nước cơ quan, bao gồm vùng đất ngập nước, nênđược bảo vệ và thậm chí đã được phục hồi. Nước mưa có thể được thu hoạch từ mái nhà, được lưu trữ trong bể chứa nước, và được sử dụng cho các ứng dụng nonpotable. Cảnh quan thủy lợi nên được giảm thiểu và cảnh quan được thiết kế để được bền và hạn hán-khoan dung.Nguyên tắc 5: Mở ít hơn. Lát phá hủy hệ thống tự nhiên và nên được giảm thiểu.Nước mưa nên được thâm nhập nhanh chóng bằng cách sử dụng xốp bê tông và nhựa đường lát và bằng cách sử dụng xe rãi nhựa đường. Quần đảo nhiệt nên được giảm thiểu bằng cách thích hợp cảnh quan.Nguyên tắc 6: Xem xét các nguồn gốc và số phận của vật liệu. Giảm thiểu tác động của cảnh quan vật liệu bởi một cách cẩn thận phân tích của thể hiện
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Sustainable Landscapes
The advent of high-performance green buildings is causing noteworthy
changes to the traditional notion of the constructed landscape. Landscape
design has typically been an afterthought in the conventional building
delivery system, and in many cases, it is given very low priority. As funding
for a project becomes tighter near the end of construction, it will likely
be the budget for the constructed landscape that will be reduced to the bare
minimum. The outcome of such conventional thinking is that landscape
224 Green Building Design
design is given short shrift, treated apart from the building rather than
integral to it. Today, the role of landscape design in high-performance
building is in a state of transition; some projects treat it conventionally,
while others realize that the role of the site is critical to the performance of
the buildings, both individually and collectively. Among these new roles are
to assist building heating and cooling, help control stormwater and elimi-
nate stormwater infrastructure, treat waste, provide food, and contribute to
biodiversity.
The concept of sustainable landscape predates the contemporary high-
performance green building movement. The term emerged in the vocabulary
of landscape architecture in 1988, when the Council of Educators in Land-
scape Architecture defined it as landscapes that contribute “. . . to human
well-being and at the same time are in harmony with the natural environ-
ment. They do not deplete or damage other ecosystems. While human activity
will have altered native patterns, a sustainable landscape will work with
native conditions in its structure and functions. Valuable resources—water,
nutrients, soil, etc.—and energy will be conserved, diversity of species will be
maintained and increased.”11 The movement to reconsider the role of land-
scape architecture was initiated by John Tillman Lyle with the publication of
his 1985 book, Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and
Natural Resources. It was almost a decade, however, before more was heard
on the subject of sustainable landscapes. In 1994, two volumes appeared,
coincidentally at the onset of the American green building movement:
Robert Thayer’s Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature and the
Sustainable Landscape, and another book by Lyle, Regenerative Design
for Sustainable Development.
In Design for Human Ecosystems, Lyle considered how landscape, land use,
and natural resources could be shaped to make the human ecosystem function in
the sustainable ways of natural ecosystems. He suggested that designers must
understand ecological order and how it operates at a wide variety of scales, from
minute to global. The understanding of ecological order has to be linked with
human values in order to develop solutions that are long-lasting, beneficial, and
responsible.
In Gray World, Green Heart, Thayer notes that landscape is the place where
“. . . the conflict between technology and nature is most easily sensed.”
A sustainable landscape, according to Thayer, would have the following
properties:
An alternative landscape where natural systems are dominant.
A landscape where resources are regenerated and energy is conserved. A landscape that allows us to see, understand, and resolve the battle between the forces of technology and nature.
A landscape where essential life functions are undertaken, revealed, and
celebrated.
A landscape where the incorporated technology is sustainable, the best of all possible choices, and can be considered part of nature.
A landscape that counters the frontier ethic of discovery, exploitation, exhaustion, and abandonment with one where we plant ourselves firmly, nurture the land, and prevent ecological impoverishment.
A landscape that responds to the loss of place with reliance on local
resources, celebration of local cultures, and preservation of local ecosystems.
A landscape that responds to the view that landscape is irrelevant by making the physical landscape pivotal to our existence.
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 225
Thayer admits that this vision is utopian but suggests that such a vision is
needed to give us direction. He goes on to provide five characteristics of a
sustainable landscape that are based on the function and organization of natural
landscapes:
1. Sustainable landscapes use primarily renewable, horizontal energy12 at
rates that can be regenerated without ecological destabilization.
2. Sustainable landscapes maximize the recycling of resources, nutrients,
and by-products, and produce minimum waste or conversion of mate-
rials to unusable locations or forms.
3. Sustainable landscapes maintain local structure and function and do not
reduce the diversity or stability of the surrounding ecosystems.
4. Sustainable landscapes preserve and serve local human communities
rather than change or destroy them.
5. Sustainable landscapes incorporate technologies that support these goals
and treat technology as secondary and subservient, not primary and
dominant.
As a cautionary note, Thayer also tells us that “Without sustainable values,
landscapes designed to be sustainable will be misused, become unsustainable,
and fail.” Contemporary American culture does not have a sense of, nor does it
value, place, and it is oriented toward consumption, profit, and waste. Creating
a sustainable landscape in the face of these values is challenging but necessary to
at least launch a countermovement that values nature and ecosystems and that
helps increase human awareness of their role in daily life (see Figure 8.3).
In Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, Lyle introduced
designers of the built environment to the concept of regenerative landscape,
reminding them, as John Dewey did in 1916, that “. . . the most notable dis-
tinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain
themselves by renewal.”13 He maintains that the developed landscape, the one
created and built by humans, should be able to survive within the bounds of
local energy and materials flows and that, in order to be sustainable, it must be
regenerative, which, in the case of landscape, means being capable of organic
self-renewal. Landscapes must be created using regenerative design, that is,
design that creates cyclical flows of matter and energy within the landscape.
According to Lyle, a regenerative system is one that provides for continuous
replacement, through its own functional processes, of the energy and materials
used in its operation. A regenerative system has the following characteristics:
Operational integration with natural processes and, by extension, with social processes
Minimum use of fossil fuels and man-made chemicals, except for backup applications
Minimum use of nonrenewable resources, except where future reuse or recycling is possible and likely
Use of renewable resources within their capacities for renewal
Composition and volume of wastes within the capacity of the environ-
ment to reassimilate them without damage
Lyle gained considerable experience with regenerative landscapes as a
professor at the 1-acre Center for Regenerative Studies that he founded at
California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, where faculty and students
worked with regenerative landscapes and technology to try to solve the daily
226 Green Building Design
Figure 8.3 (A) The landscape design for NASA’s Space Life Sciences Laboratory at
Kennedy Space Center in Florida is self-maintaining and was envisioned as a model of
environmental site design, with over 60,000 square feet of native grasses and wildflowers.
(B) The building orientation reduces heat load and minimizes encroachment into isolated wetlands. (Photos from Zamia Design, Inc.)
problems of providing shelter, food, energy, and water and dealing with waste.
He and his students took what was then a compacted cow pasture within sight of
a large landfill and created what a former center director, Joan Stafford,
described as a landscape that “. . . now yields armfuls of scented, exuberant
lavender, sage, [and] rosemary, growing from rejuvenated soils.”
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 227
TABLE 8.2
Principles of Sustainable Landscape Construction
Principle 1: Keep sites healthy. Ensure that biologically productive sites with healthy
ecosystems are not harmed by the building project. Special attention must be paid to
utility installation and road construction, which can be especially destructive to natural
systems.
Principle 2: Heal injured sites. Using grayfields, brownfields, or blackfields reduces pressures on biologically productive sites and can result in restoration of blighted properties to productive ecosystems.
Principle 3: Favor living, flexible materials. Slope erosion can be controlled with living
structures rather than artificial physical structures. Greenwalls, artificial structures that
provide a support system for living matter, may be needed in especially steep terrain.
Living materials on roofs create eco-roofs that provide additional green area and assist
heating and cooling.
Principle 4: Respect the waters of life. Water bodies, including wetlands, should be
protected and even restored. Rainwater can be harvested from roofs, stored in cisterns, and used for nonpotable applications. Landscape irrigation should be minimized and landscape designed to be durable and drought-tolerant.
Principle 5: Pave less. Paving destroys natural systems and should be minimized.
Stormwater should be quickly infiltrated through the use of porous concrete and asphalt
paving and through the use of pavers. Heat islands should be minimized by appropriate
landscaping.
Principle 6: Consider the origin and fate of materials. Minimize the impact of landscape materials by carefully analyzing their embodied
The advent of high-performance green buildings is causing noteworthy
changes to the traditional notion of the constructed landscape. Landscape
design has typically been an afterthought in the conventional building
delivery system, and in many cases, it is given very low priority. As funding
for a project becomes tighter near the end of construction, it will likely
be the budget for the constructed landscape that will be reduced to the bare
minimum. The outcome of such conventional thinking is that landscape
224 Green Building Design
design is given short shrift, treated apart from the building rather than
integral to it. Today, the role of landscape design in high-performance
building is in a state of transition; some projects treat it conventionally,
while others realize that the role of the site is critical to the performance of
the buildings, both individually and collectively. Among these new roles are
to assist building heating and cooling, help control stormwater and elimi-
nate stormwater infrastructure, treat waste, provide food, and contribute to
biodiversity.
The concept of sustainable landscape predates the contemporary high-
performance green building movement. The term emerged in the vocabulary
of landscape architecture in 1988, when the Council of Educators in Land-
scape Architecture defined it as landscapes that contribute “. . . to human
well-being and at the same time are in harmony with the natural environ-
ment. They do not deplete or damage other ecosystems. While human activity
will have altered native patterns, a sustainable landscape will work with
native conditions in its structure and functions. Valuable resources—water,
nutrients, soil, etc.—and energy will be conserved, diversity of species will be
maintained and increased.”11 The movement to reconsider the role of land-
scape architecture was initiated by John Tillman Lyle with the publication of
his 1985 book, Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and
Natural Resources. It was almost a decade, however, before more was heard
on the subject of sustainable landscapes. In 1994, two volumes appeared,
coincidentally at the onset of the American green building movement:
Robert Thayer’s Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature and the
Sustainable Landscape, and another book by Lyle, Regenerative Design
for Sustainable Development.
In Design for Human Ecosystems, Lyle considered how landscape, land use,
and natural resources could be shaped to make the human ecosystem function in
the sustainable ways of natural ecosystems. He suggested that designers must
understand ecological order and how it operates at a wide variety of scales, from
minute to global. The understanding of ecological order has to be linked with
human values in order to develop solutions that are long-lasting, beneficial, and
responsible.
In Gray World, Green Heart, Thayer notes that landscape is the place where
“. . . the conflict between technology and nature is most easily sensed.”
A sustainable landscape, according to Thayer, would have the following
properties:
An alternative landscape where natural systems are dominant.
A landscape where resources are regenerated and energy is conserved. A landscape that allows us to see, understand, and resolve the battle between the forces of technology and nature.
A landscape where essential life functions are undertaken, revealed, and
celebrated.
A landscape where the incorporated technology is sustainable, the best of all possible choices, and can be considered part of nature.
A landscape that counters the frontier ethic of discovery, exploitation, exhaustion, and abandonment with one where we plant ourselves firmly, nurture the land, and prevent ecological impoverishment.
A landscape that responds to the loss of place with reliance on local
resources, celebration of local cultures, and preservation of local ecosystems.
A landscape that responds to the view that landscape is irrelevant by making the physical landscape pivotal to our existence.
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 225
Thayer admits that this vision is utopian but suggests that such a vision is
needed to give us direction. He goes on to provide five characteristics of a
sustainable landscape that are based on the function and organization of natural
landscapes:
1. Sustainable landscapes use primarily renewable, horizontal energy12 at
rates that can be regenerated without ecological destabilization.
2. Sustainable landscapes maximize the recycling of resources, nutrients,
and by-products, and produce minimum waste or conversion of mate-
rials to unusable locations or forms.
3. Sustainable landscapes maintain local structure and function and do not
reduce the diversity or stability of the surrounding ecosystems.
4. Sustainable landscapes preserve and serve local human communities
rather than change or destroy them.
5. Sustainable landscapes incorporate technologies that support these goals
and treat technology as secondary and subservient, not primary and
dominant.
As a cautionary note, Thayer also tells us that “Without sustainable values,
landscapes designed to be sustainable will be misused, become unsustainable,
and fail.” Contemporary American culture does not have a sense of, nor does it
value, place, and it is oriented toward consumption, profit, and waste. Creating
a sustainable landscape in the face of these values is challenging but necessary to
at least launch a countermovement that values nature and ecosystems and that
helps increase human awareness of their role in daily life (see Figure 8.3).
In Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, Lyle introduced
designers of the built environment to the concept of regenerative landscape,
reminding them, as John Dewey did in 1916, that “. . . the most notable dis-
tinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain
themselves by renewal.”13 He maintains that the developed landscape, the one
created and built by humans, should be able to survive within the bounds of
local energy and materials flows and that, in order to be sustainable, it must be
regenerative, which, in the case of landscape, means being capable of organic
self-renewal. Landscapes must be created using regenerative design, that is,
design that creates cyclical flows of matter and energy within the landscape.
According to Lyle, a regenerative system is one that provides for continuous
replacement, through its own functional processes, of the energy and materials
used in its operation. A regenerative system has the following characteristics:
Operational integration with natural processes and, by extension, with social processes
Minimum use of fossil fuels and man-made chemicals, except for backup applications
Minimum use of nonrenewable resources, except where future reuse or recycling is possible and likely
Use of renewable resources within their capacities for renewal
Composition and volume of wastes within the capacity of the environ-
ment to reassimilate them without damage
Lyle gained considerable experience with regenerative landscapes as a
professor at the 1-acre Center for Regenerative Studies that he founded at
California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, where faculty and students
worked with regenerative landscapes and technology to try to solve the daily
226 Green Building Design
Figure 8.3 (A) The landscape design for NASA’s Space Life Sciences Laboratory at
Kennedy Space Center in Florida is self-maintaining and was envisioned as a model of
environmental site design, with over 60,000 square feet of native grasses and wildflowers.
(B) The building orientation reduces heat load and minimizes encroachment into isolated wetlands. (Photos from Zamia Design, Inc.)
problems of providing shelter, food, energy, and water and dealing with waste.
He and his students took what was then a compacted cow pasture within sight of
a large landfill and created what a former center director, Joan Stafford,
described as a landscape that “. . . now yields armfuls of scented, exuberant
lavender, sage, [and] rosemary, growing from rejuvenated soils.”
Chapter 8 The Sustainable Site and Landscape 227
TABLE 8.2
Principles of Sustainable Landscape Construction
Principle 1: Keep sites healthy. Ensure that biologically productive sites with healthy
ecosystems are not harmed by the building project. Special attention must be paid to
utility installation and road construction, which can be especially destructive to natural
systems.
Principle 2: Heal injured sites. Using grayfields, brownfields, or blackfields reduces pressures on biologically productive sites and can result in restoration of blighted properties to productive ecosystems.
Principle 3: Favor living, flexible materials. Slope erosion can be controlled with living
structures rather than artificial physical structures. Greenwalls, artificial structures that
provide a support system for living matter, may be needed in especially steep terrain.
Living materials on roofs create eco-roofs that provide additional green area and assist
heating and cooling.
Principle 4: Respect the waters of life. Water bodies, including wetlands, should be
protected and even restored. Rainwater can be harvested from roofs, stored in cisterns, and used for nonpotable applications. Landscape irrigation should be minimized and landscape designed to be durable and drought-tolerant.
Principle 5: Pave less. Paving destroys natural systems and should be minimized.
Stormwater should be quickly infiltrated through the use of porous concrete and asphalt
paving and through the use of pavers. Heat islands should be minimized by appropriate
landscaping.
Principle 6: Consider the origin and fate of materials. Minimize the impact of landscape materials by carefully analyzing their embodied
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
Các ngôn ngữ khác
Hỗ trợ công cụ dịch thuật: Albania, Amharic, Anh, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ba Lan, Ba Tư, Bantu, Basque, Belarus, Bengal, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Bồ Đào Nha, Catalan, Cebuano, Chichewa, Corsi, Creole (Haiti), Croatia, Do Thái, Estonia, Filipino, Frisia, Gael Scotland, Galicia, George, Gujarat, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Hungary, Hy Lạp, Hà Lan, Hà Lan (Nam Phi), Hàn, Iceland, Igbo, Ireland, Java, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Klingon, Kurd, Kyrgyz, Latinh, Latvia, Litva, Luxembourg, Lào, Macedonia, Malagasy, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Myanmar, Mã Lai, Mông Cổ, Na Uy, Nepal, Nga, Nhật, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Pháp, Phát hiện ngôn ngữ, Phần Lan, Punjab, Quốc tế ngữ, Rumani, Samoa, Serbia, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenia, Somali, Sunda, Swahili, Séc, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thái, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Thụy Điển, Tiếng Indonesia, Tiếng Ý, Trung, Trung (Phồn thể), Turkmen, Tây Ban Nha, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Việt, Xứ Wales, Yiddish, Yoruba, Zulu, Đan Mạch, Đức, Ả Rập, dịch ngôn ngữ.
- where are mike and sara
- Trong khi chờ đợi sự ra đời của Bảo tàng
- Tôi đã nghe được bạn nói
- Gần nhà tôi
- I think if the event that continues as t
- Federtasche
- tôi nghĩ hoạt động này là không công bằn
- Nhà cô ấy
- I think this is unfair to the majority o
- tôi có mái tóc thẳng dài màu đenanh ta l
- How can I put someone to the test, when
- Vì thế
- tôi nghĩ là nên đóng event này lại cho đ
- vi phạm hành chính
- I think this event should close again un
- last in
- I think this event should close again un
- Chúng tôi hay trò chuyện
- i'm in great route when yesterday i was
- I think this event should close again un
- An examination of the data for 2010, as
- Buntstifte
- tôi nghĩ nếu event mà tiếp tục như vậy t
- adorable
