2. Literature reviewBefore the collapse of the Lehman Brothers in September 2008, domestic credit availability had been commonly identified as a basic indicator of financial development (Barajas et al., 2009). A growing literature is now examining the determinants of domestic credit, particularly in EMEs. For instance, Takats (2010) focuses on domestic credit in a panel framework of 21 EMEs for the period from 1995 to 2009, using the normalized quarterly volatility of the S&P 500 index as the global supply factor. Using gross domestic product (GDP) as the most important demand factor in his analysis, he concludes that both demand and supply factors contributed to the decline in cross-border lending to EMEs but that the impact of the supply shock was stronger. Additionally, these two factor types appear to have had more balanced effects before the great global recession of 2008–09. Bakker and Gulde (2010) indicate that externalfactors, such as “bad luck,” were the main causes of domestic credit boom–bust cycles in new EuropeanUnion (EU) countries over the past decade. In their estimation, higher inflation caused real interest rates to fall, which encouraged growth of domestic credit. Aisen and Franken (2010) use data from 80 countries to investigate the main determinants of domestic credit expansion during the great global recession, finding that the boom before the recession and the rapid slowdown in economic activity among major trading partners during the recession were the main determinants of domestic credit levels in EMEs and that the roles of counter-cyclical monetary policy and domestic liquidity were also important. Kamil and Rai (2010) consider external and internal sources of domestic credit growth in 13 LAC borrower countries and 14 non-LAC lender countries during the global recession, mainly concluding that the countries reliant on foreign funding for domestic credit growth suffered more heavily from the great global recession than those that were less reliant. Guo and Stepanyan (2011) examine the determinants of domestic credit in EMEs during the last decade, covering both the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. They find that domestic funding and foreign funding were among the most important determinants of domestic credit. They also indicate that stronger economic growth, higher inflation and loose domestic and global monetary policies tended to increase domestic credit availability in EMEs. Borio et al. (2011) investigate volumes of global credit in major currencies and their contribution to overall credit growth in particular countries. They emphasize the role of external factors on domestic credit growth and draw policy implications with respect to the associated risks, mainly suggesting the importance of international coordination. Similar empirical findings are obtained by Avdjiev et al. (2012) for several developed and developing Asian economies. Similarly, Elekdag and Wu (2011) examine 99 credit booms and conclude that loose monetary policy and global liquidity conditions are the main drivers of real domestic credit growth across EMEs. Mendoza and Terrones (2012) focus on 61 developed and developing countries in the period from 1960 to2010, identifying 70 credit boom events, half of them in EMEs. They find that there is a systematic and robust relationship between domestic credit booms (or boom–bust cycles) and increasing capital inflows, rising house and equity prices, increased economic activity, real exchange rate appreciation, and growing deficits in the external balance on goods and services and the current account balance.On the other hand, capital flows could also influence domestic credit levels in EMEs. In the literature, there is empirical evidence that net capital inflows in emerging market economies might generate domestic credit booms, particularly given a fragile domestic financial system. For instance, Mendoza and Terrones (2008) find that most financial crises and domestic credit booms in EMEs have occurred as a result of excessive capital inflows. A study of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2011) investigates19 developed countries and 28 EMEs for the period 1960 to 2010, concluding that capital inflows significantly predicted domestic credit booms. Ostry et al. (2012), using specific definitions of domestic credit booms and crises in EMEs in a panel data framework covering the period from 1995 to 2008, conclude that domestic credit booms have been associated with capital inflow surges. Lane and McQuade (2013) investigate the interrelationship between domestic credit growth and international capital flows
for the period 1993 to 2008 in 29 European countries, focusing on the period from 2003 to 2008 as an observation period of a domestic credit boom. They find a strong asymmetric relationship between domestic credit growth, net debt flows, and net equity flows, concluding that macroeconomic and financial variables could affect both the supply and demand fact
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