Table of ContentsList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  dịch - Table of ContentsList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Việt làm thế nào để nói

Table of ContentsList of Tables . .

Table of Contents
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Problem Statement and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Backcalculation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Falling Weight Deflectometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Backcalculation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Soft Computing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1 Artificial Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1.1 Backpropagation Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1.2 Pavement Layer Backcalculation Using ANNs . . . . . . 20
2.4.2 Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.2.1 Genetic Algorithm Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.2.2 Genetic Algorithms in Backcalculation Analysis . . . . . 29
Chapter 3 Development of Artificial Neural Network Based Structural Models 31
3.1 ILLI-PAVE Finite Element Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 Falling Weight Deflectometer Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.1.1 Pavement Layer Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Lime Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.1 Preliminary Analyses of Lime Stabilized Sections . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1.1 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils . 44
3.2.1.2 Conventional Flexible Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils 45
3.3 ILLI-PAVE Database For Flexible Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
vii
3.4 ANN Structural Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.1 Forward Analysis Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.1.1 Performances of the Developed ANN Models . . . . . . 57
3.4.2 Backcalculation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.2.1 Performances of the Developed ANN Models . . . . . . 69
3.5 Field Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5.1 US 50 (FAP 327, old FA 409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5.2 US 20 (FAP 301, old FA 401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.3 Roseville Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.5 High Cross Road (FA 808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5.6 Sand Pit Road (Henry County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter 4 Soft Computing Based System Analyzer: SOFTSYS . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2 Basics of SOFTSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.1 SOFTSYS Algorithm and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2.1.1 Defining Pavement Type and Backcalculation Model . . . 94
4.2.1.2 Entering FWD Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.2.1.3 Population Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1.4 Running ANN Forward Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1.5 Fitness Evaluation of Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.1.6 Checking Termination Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.1.7 Encoding Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1.8 Selection of Child Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1.9 Crossover and Mutation of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1.10 Decoding of Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.2 Development of SOFTSYS Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.3 SOFTSYS Validation with Synthetic Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.3.1 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.2 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils . . . . . . . 105
4.3.3 Conventional Flexible Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.4 Field Validations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.1 US 50 (FAP 327, old FA 409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.2 US 20 (FAP 301, old FA 401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4.3 Roseville Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.4.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.5 High Cross Road (FA 808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.4.6 Sand Pit Road (Henry County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.5 Comparison of SOFTSYS with ANN-PRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
viii
Chapter 5 Backcalculation of Layer Thickness and Moduli for Flexible
Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1.1 Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.1.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.2 SOFTSYS Models for Thickness Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.1 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.2 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils . . . . . . . 135
5.2.3 Conventional Flexible Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2.4 Sensitivity and Uniqueness Issues for Three-Layered Systems . . . 147
5.3 Field Validations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.1 US 50 (FAP 327, old FA 409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.2 US 20 (FAP 301, old FA 401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.3.3 Roseville Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.3.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.3.5 High Cross Road (FA 808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.3.6 Sand Pit Road (Henry County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chapter 6 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Vita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
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Bảng nội dungList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xList of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIIDanh sách các chữ viết tắt................................. xviiList of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIXChương 1 giới thiệu............................... 11.1 vấn đề báo cáo và tổng quan...................... 11.2 nghiên cứu mục tiêu............................. . 41.3 nghiên cứu phương pháp............................ 51.4 luận án tổ chức............................. . 7Chương 2 văn học Review............................ 82.1 Backcalculation vấn đề........................... 82.2 giảm trọng lượng Deflectometer......................... 92.3 Backcalculation phương pháp........................... 112.4 mềm máy tính phương pháp........................... 132.4.1 nhân tạo mạng nơ-ron...................... 142.4.1.1 Backpropagation học thuật toán.......... 152.4.1.2 vỉa hè lớp Backcalculation sử dụng ANNs...... 202.4.2 di truyền thuật toán.......................... 222.4.2.1 quốc gia sử dụng thuật toán di truyền............... 252.4.2.2 các thuật toán di truyền trong Backcalculation phân tích.... 29Chương 3 phát triển của mạng nơ-ron nhân tạo dựa trên mô hình cấu trúc 313.1 ILLI-mở phần tử hữu hạn mô hình..................... 313.1.1 giảm trọng lượng Deflectometer mô phỏng.............. 333.1.1.1 đặc tính lớp vỉa hè............. 373.2 vôi ổn định............................... 393.2.1 sơ bộ phân tích của vôi ổn định phần.......... 413.2.1.1 đầy đủ-sâu nhựa đường vỉa hè trên vôi ổn định đất. 443.2.1.2 thông thường linh hoạt vỉa hè trên vôi ổn định đất 453.3 ILLI-mở cơ sở dữ liệu cho linh hoạt vỉa hè............... . 49VII3.4 ANN Structural mô hình............................ 533.4.1 chuyển tiếp các mô hình phân tích...................... 553.4.1.1 biểu diễn của các mô hình phát triển ANN...... 573.4.2 Backcalculation mô hình...................... . 623.4.2.1 biểu diễn của các mô hình phát triển ANN...... 693.5 trường xác nhận................................ 743.5.1 U.S. 50 (FAP 327, cũ FA 409)........ 803.5.2 U.S. 20 (FAP 301, cũ FA 401)........ 813.5.3 Roseville Bypass........................... 813.5.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.5.5 cao Cross Road (FA 808)...................... 823.5.6 cát Pit Road (Quận Henry)........ 883.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Chương 4 máy tính mềm dựa trên hệ thống phân tích: SOFTSYS....... . 914.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.2 khái niệm cơ bản của SOFTSYS............................. 914.2.1 SOFTSYS thuật toán và thực hiện.............. 934.2.1.1 xác định loại vỉa hè và Backcalculation mô hình... 944.2.1.2 nhập dữ liệu FWD........ 944.2.1.3 dân khởi tạo Hider 954.2.1.4 chạy ANN Forward phân tích............. 954.2.1.5 thể dục thẩm định của dân............. 964.2.1.6 kiểm tra chấm dứt tiêu chí.............. 964.2.1.7 mã hóa biến........ 974.2.1.8 lựa chọn của trẻ em kiểu gen............... 974.2.1.9 chéo và đột biến của biến.......... 974.2.1.10 giải mã của kiểu gen Hider 974.2.2 phát triển của SOFTSYS mô hình................. 984.3 SOFTSYS xác nhận với tổng hợp dữ liệu bộ............... 1014.3.1 đầy đủ-sâu nhựa đường vỉa hè........ 1044.3.2 đầy đủ-sâu nhựa đường vỉa hè trên vôi ổn định đất....... 1054.3.3 thông thường vỉa hè linh hoạt Hider 1074.4 lĩnh vực Validations............................... 1104.4.1 U.S. 50 (FAP 327, cũ FA 409)........ 1104.4.2 U.S. 20 (FAP 301, cũ FA 401)........ 1134.4.3 Roseville Bypass........................... 1154.4.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.4.5 cao Cross Road (FA 808)...................... 1204.4.6 cát Pit Road (Quận Henry)........ 1214,5 so sánh của SOFTSYS với ANN-PRO Hider 1244.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125VIIIChương 5 Backcalculation lớp dày và Moduli cho linh hoạtPavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.1.1 Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285.1.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295.2 SOFTSYS mô hình cho dày quyết tâm............... 1305.2.1 đầy đủ-sâu nhựa đường vỉa hè........ 1335.2.2 đầy đủ-sâu nhựa đường vỉa hè trên vôi ổn định đất....... 1355.2.3 thông thường vỉa hè linh hoạt Hider 1385.2.4 nhạy cảm và tính độc đáo các vấn đề đối với lớp ba hệ thống... 1475.3 lãnh vực Validations............................... 1485.3.1 U.S. 50 (FAP 327, cũ FA 409)........ 1485.3.2 U.S. 20 (FAP 301, cũ FA 401)........ 1495.3.3 Roseville Bypass........................... 1525.3.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545.3.5 cao Cross Road (FA 808)...................... 1625.3.6 cát Pit Road (Quận Henry)........ 1655.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Tóm tắt chương 6, kết luận, và tương lai làm việc............... 1706.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1706.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1736.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Vita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190tôi
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Table of Contents
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Problem Statement and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Backcalculation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Falling Weight Deflectometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Backcalculation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Soft Computing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1 Artificial Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1.1 Backpropagation Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1.2 Pavement Layer Backcalculation Using ANNs . . . . . . 20
2.4.2 Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.2.1 Genetic Algorithm Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.2.2 Genetic Algorithms in Backcalculation Analysis . . . . . 29
Chapter 3 Development of Artificial Neural Network Based Structural Models 31
3.1 ILLI-PAVE Finite Element Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 Falling Weight Deflectometer Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.1.1 Pavement Layer Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Lime Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.1 Preliminary Analyses of Lime Stabilized Sections . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1.1 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils . 44
3.2.1.2 Conventional Flexible Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils 45
3.3 ILLI-PAVE Database For Flexible Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
vii
3.4 ANN Structural Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.1 Forward Analysis Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.1.1 Performances of the Developed ANN Models . . . . . . 57
3.4.2 Backcalculation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.2.1 Performances of the Developed ANN Models . . . . . . 69
3.5 Field Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5.1 US 50 (FAP 327, old FA 409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5.2 US 20 (FAP 301, old FA 401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.3 Roseville Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5.5 High Cross Road (FA 808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5.6 Sand Pit Road (Henry County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter 4 Soft Computing Based System Analyzer: SOFTSYS . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2 Basics of SOFTSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.1 SOFTSYS Algorithm and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2.1.1 Defining Pavement Type and Backcalculation Model . . . 94
4.2.1.2 Entering FWD Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.2.1.3 Population Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1.4 Running ANN Forward Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1.5 Fitness Evaluation of Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.1.6 Checking Termination Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.1.7 Encoding Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1.8 Selection of Child Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1.9 Crossover and Mutation of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1.10 Decoding of Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.2 Development of SOFTSYS Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.3 SOFTSYS Validation with Synthetic Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.3.1 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.2 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils . . . . . . . 105
4.3.3 Conventional Flexible Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.4 Field Validations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.1 US 50 (FAP 327, old FA 409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.2 US 20 (FAP 301, old FA 401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4.3 Roseville Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.4.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.5 High Cross Road (FA 808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.4.6 Sand Pit Road (Henry County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.5 Comparison of SOFTSYS with ANN-PRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
viii
Chapter 5 Backcalculation of Layer Thickness and Moduli for Flexible
Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1.1 Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.1.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.2 SOFTSYS Models for Thickness Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.1 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.2 Full-depth Asphalt Pavements on Lime Stabilized Soils . . . . . . . 135
5.2.3 Conventional Flexible Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2.4 Sensitivity and Uniqueness Issues for Three-Layered Systems . . . 147
5.3 Field Validations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.1 US 50 (FAP 327, old FA 409) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.2 US 20 (FAP 301, old FA 401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.3.3 Roseville Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.3.4 Staley Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.3.5 High Cross Road (FA 808) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.3.6 Sand Pit Road (Henry County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chapter 6 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Vita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
i
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