a boorish partygoer who continues to chatter away regardless of whether other peo- ple are talking. As humans, we have human protocols that allow us not only to behave with more civility, but also to decrease the amount of time spent “colliding” with each other in conversation and, consequently, to increase the amount of data we exchange in our conversations. Specifically, there are two important rules for polite human conversation:• Listen before speaking. If someone else is speaking, wait until they are finished.In the networking world, this is called carrier sensing—a node listens to the channel before transmitting. If a frame from another node is currently being transmitted into the channel, a node then waits until it detects no transmissions for a short amount of time and then begins transmission.• If someone else begins talking at the same time, stop talking. In the networking world, this is called collision detection—a transmitting node listens to the channel while it is transmitting. If it detects that another node is transmitting an interfering frame, it stops transmitting and waits a random amount of time before repeating the sense-and-transmit-when-idle cycle.
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