at a controlled temperature. The procedure for creat- ing drill hole defects was approved by the animal ethi- cal committee, Kovai Medical College and Hospital, Coimbatore, India. Rats were divided into three groups (n = 6 in each group): (1) control, (2) Zn-CS/β-GP, and(3) Zn-CS/β-GP/nHAp. The rats were anesthetized with 10% ketamine and 2% xylazine (1:1, 0.1 mL/100 g body weight, i.m.) and subjected to perforation of the right tibia by using a dental drill (diameter, 3 mm) under con- stant saline irrigation (0.9% NaCl). The defects were entirely filled with each of the hydrogels in the respec- tive experimental groups. The defects in control animals were left unfilled. After 14 days, the animals were sac- rificed under Cell morphology evaluationZn-CS/β-GP and Zn-CS/β-GP/nHAp hydrogels were UV-treated for 2 h. Approximately 2 × 105 mMSCs were different time periods. The cells were then washed with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and whole cell lysates were prepared. Twenty micrograms of proteins was resolved using 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate–poly- acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and trans- ferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes by electroblotting. The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk powder (BioRad) and incubated over- night with a primary antibody at 4°C. The membranes were probed with secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Finally, the bands were visualized by adding Super Signal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The images obtained were used for quantification with the ImageJ software, as described previously [52]. Mouse monoclonal Runx2 (1:1,000) antibodies, Cdk2 (1:1,000) antibodies, and sec- ondary antibodies conjugated with HRP were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Cdk2 antibodies served as internal loading controls
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