Một lịch sử lâu dài của nghề nghiệpKhoảng 100 TCN, Trung Quốc chiến binh xâm chiếm các tỉnh phía bắc của Việt Nam, và Trung Quốc thống trị đất nước cho khoảng một nghìn năm. Nó có thể được lập luận rằng nhân dân Việt Nam mong muốn cho độc lập được sinh ra trong thiên niên kỷ đó, và nó lớn cho đến khi, năm 938, Việt Nam anh hùng ngô quyền đã lái xe ra Trung Quốc. Đối với nhiều thế kỷ tiếp theo, Việt Nam mở rộng dần về phía Nam, cuối cùng bao gồm vùng đồng bằng Cửu Long ở thế kỷ 18. Nhưng lúc đó, cuộc nội chiến đã rách đất nước ngoài, và Việt Nam là lần đầu tiên chia của Bắc và Nam. Trung Quốc, lợi dụng cuộc nội chiến, họ phần của phía bắc.Nhập người Pháp. Một nhà truyền giáo dòng tên, Alexandre de Rhodes, đến năm 1620, cùng năm mà một boatload khách hành hương anh hạ cánh tại Plymouth Rock ở Mỹ. Thông qua cha De Rhodes, thành lập pháp của châu Âu đầu tiên quan hệ với Việt Nam, và ở cuối thế kỷ 18 một pháp sư thiết kế năm 1787 ước Versailles, mà hứa hẹn pháp hỗ trợ cho hoàng tử Nguyễn Anh để chinh phục lãnh chúa feuding của Việt Nam và thống nhất quốc gia. Vua Pháp là Louis XVI, có rắc rối của mình riêng, Tuy nhiên, như cuộc cách mạng Pháp là đi bộ, và ông chỉ có thể cung cấp một số ít các binh sĩ Pháp. Nhưng điều đó chứng minh là đủ để Mẹo sự cân bằng, và Nguyễn ánh quản lý để nắm bắt Saigon, Việt Nam thống nhất, và cai trị như là hoàng đế Gia Long cũng vào thế kỷ 19, khi một loại Pháp cai trị, Napoleon III, thành lập riêng của mình thiết kế Việt Nam. Năm 1858-1859 Napoleon của lực lượng chiếm Sài Gòn và Đà Nẵng, và năm 1884-1885 pháp lực lượng lái xe Trung Quốc ra khỏi miền Bắc Việt Nam. Năm 1887, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp được thành lập, bao gồm không chỉ Việt Nam nhưng Campuchia là tốt. Lào đã được bổ sung vào năm 1893 sau chiến tranh Pháp-Xiêm ngắn. Nhưng lâu trước khi các bản đồ có thể được vẽ lại, các kháng chiến Việt Nam để quy tắc pháp đã bắt đầu.Ba năm sau khi người Pháp tuyên bố "Indochina" cho riêng của họ, trong các làng nhỏ của hoàng Tru, một cậu bé tên là Nguyễn Sinh Cung được sinh ra. Ông sẽ thay đổi tên của mình nhiều lần. Khi ông là 10 tuổi, cha ông, học giả Khổng giáo một và Đế quốc thẩm phán, đổi tên con trai ông Nguyễn tất thành, "Nguyễn the thực hiện," để công nhận những thành tựu niên học của cậu bé. Ở Paris, khoảng năm 1920, Nguyễn đã thêm một tên, Nguyễn Ai Quốc, "Nguyễn Patriot." Năm 1940, phục vụ như một cố vấn với các lực lượng cộng sản Trung Quốc sẽ cuối cùng có trên toàn quốc, Nguyễn lấy tên mà bị mắc kẹt: thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, "Ông người Enlightens."Thành phố Hồ Chí MinhThe life of Ho Chi Minh is the thread that bound the United States to Vietnam, as allies and enemies, for many decades. He petitioned three American presidents to help him get the French out of Vietnam, worked with American intelligence services during World War II, borrowed liberally from the American Declaration of Independence in his rhetoric, and finally fought the Americans until he died, in 1969, in pursuit of his lifelong goal of a unified, independent Vietnam. He was a Communist from an early age, but in the broad view, his communism seemed “small c” and more pragmatic than rigidly ideological. He lived in the Soviet Union and in Red China, and when he finally came to power in North Vietnam, he ruled with a firm and sometimes brutal hand, but he never seemed interested in the world Communist movement. Vietnam was his world, and if the democratic West would not help him achieve it, the Communist East would. And if, in the eyes of the Cold Warriors of the West, Vietnam became a fallen domino, it was also the final domino: the bloc stops here. After the Americans left, the Soviets, who had sent three thousand soldiers to advise and train (and perhaps fight alongside) the North Vietnamese, became Vietnam’s principal ally and maintained a military presence until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, but Vietnam never became the USSR’s minion. Or China’s. In 1978–1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia, ousting the Beijing-backed Khmer Rouge and ending the Pol Pot nightmare, in the process earning China’s outrage. The Vietnamese were denounced by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping as “the hooligans of the East.” North Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh, born Nguyen Sinh Cung, pictured circa 1950.The man who eventually would become the symbol of Vietnamese communism, the mortal enemy of the United States, and later, in death, be revered as the Father of the Nation, was a bright child. He learned, from his father, Chinese and Vietnamese writing as well as the requisite French at a lycée in Hue. His first political act is thought to have been participation in a peasant anti-tax demonstration in Hue when he was seventeen. At twenty-one, with his educational opportunities limited in Vietnam because his father had been fired from his government post for an abuse of power, he shipped out of Saigon on a French steamer, working in the galley, and arrived in Marseilles in late 1911. Rejected for study at the French Colonial Administrative School—think what might have happened, or not happened, had he become an administrator of French colonial rule in Vietnam!—Nguyen decided to work his way around the world on ships, and for the next several years visited the United States, Britain, and France. He lived in the US in 1912–1913, and again in 1917–1918, and worked at several jobs, including a stint as a baker at Boston’s venerable Parker House Hotel. Between those visits he sailed to Britain, where he odd-jobbed, mainly in restaurants, before crossing the English Channel to France, where his political education really began.By the time Nguyen arrived in Paris, probably in 1919, there was a sizeable Vietnamese community in France. Within that community, a nationalist movement had bubbled up, and Nguyen joined it, quickly becoming one of the movement’s leaders and taking a new name: Nguyen Ai Quoc. At the Versailles peace talks at the close of World War I, Nguyen and the nationalists petitioned US president Woodrow Wilson and other Western leaders to force an end to French colonial rule in Indochina. This was the first time that the man who would become Ho Chi Minh brushed up against the US government, though he did not leave much of an impression. The nationalists’ plea was ignored, which served to fortify Nguyen’s patriotic resolve. His Paris activities may not have moved the West, but they did not go unnoticed in Vietnam, where he became a symbol and a rallying figure for the anticolonial movement.In the years between the world wars, Nguyen Ai Quoc became a founding member of the French Communist Party and traveled to Moscow, where he spent a year studying and working for the Communist International (Comintern). In 1924, he went to Canton, China, where he gave lectures to young Vietnamese revolutionaries. He remained in China until 1927, when Chiang Kai-shek’s anti-Communist coup forced him to leave. For the next decade, he was constantly on the move—he returned to Moscow and then went to Paris, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1928, he moved to Thailand and then went to India, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, where he was arrested, possibly at the request of the French, in 1931. The British authorities in the Crown Colony resisted French demands for Nguyen’s extradition, then falsely reported his death and allowed him to slip away to Italy, where he worked for a time in a Milan restaurant (purportedly, a portrait of him still hangs on a wall there), but he was suffering from tuberculosis, and he spent several years in the Soviet Union recovering. He returned to China, where communism was in its ascendancy, working with Mao Zedong’s army, in 1938—the year Hitler’s Germany seized Austria and set its sights on the rest of Europe. In China, Nguyen Ai Quoc began calling himself Ho Chi Minh.World War IIHitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Eight months later, on May 10, 1939, Germany invaded France; France surrendered on June 22, placing its new, pro-Axis Vichy government in charge of France and her territories, including Indochina.By then, Japan and China had been at war for two years. Japan had long coveted China’s resources, including its seemingly inexhaustible supply of human labor, and had sent its armies in to try to seize them. In 1937, Japan captured Nanking, the Chinese capital, and began a six-week rampage of slaughter and rape that left as many as three hundred thousand Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers dead.The Nationalist Chinese government was supported by the US and France, who funneled war supplies to China through the Vietnamese port of Haiphong. In 1940, Japan invaded northern Vietnam to shut off the Allied pipeline to China, but left the Vichy government in place. The following year, with the rubber-stamp approval of the Vichy government, the Japanese placed forces in southern Vietnam and created the bases that served as springboards for Japanese assaults on the Philippines, Malaysia, and other Pacific territories. In July 1941, President Roosevelt asked the Japanese to withdraw from Indochina, and began an oil embargo of Japan that threatened to cripple its military machine. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and the US entered the war.
A Japanese officer gives his weapon up to allied forces during the Japanese surrender in Indochina, August 1945. Ho Chi Minh had led guerrilla actions against the Vichy French and Japanese occupiers. When the Japanese surrendered, he proclaimed Vietnam’s independence.
Ho Chi Minh returned to Vietnam in 1941 to lead the Viet Minh in the fight for independence, which now had two adversaries, the French and the Japanese. He led many guerrilla actions against the Vichy French and the Japanese occupiers, reportedly with clandestine support from the American OSS, given in return for the intelligence on the Ja
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